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Basle Committee on Banking Supervision published in 2004 the New Capital Adequacy Framework. A special importance is assigned in this document to the external assessment agencies. Banks will have to determine the minimum capital requirements on the basis of assessments by the external agencies. The role of the external assessment agencies in the New Capital Adequacy Framework and potential threats and benefits from using by banks the external assessments for determination of the minimum capital requirements are presented in the paper.
The perception of dragonflies is different than that of most insects because it does not rely on odour reception. The most important is their sense of sight. Well-developed structure of the brain responsible for vision and motor coordination allows dragonflies being quick and proactive hunters. Analyzing the anatomy of the dragonflies’ brain we can find some evidences of their evolutionary heritage. Odonata are – after all – one of the oldest orders of insects and these primary features of dragonflies’ brain make their perception different from holometabolic insects.
The corazonin (Crz), was originally purifi ed as a cardioacceleratory neuropeptide in P. americana. Following studies indicated that Crz induces dark colorization and morphometric changes in locust; reduces the spanning rate of silk in B. mori; is implicated in circadian clock. The pigment dispersing hormone/pigment dispersing factor (PDH/PDF), primary was described in crustaceans and in following studies in insects. Researchers have shown its role in circadian organization of insects as a important output factor of circadian clock. CCAP (crustacean cardioactive peptide), has a broad range of activity including: cardioacceleratory effect; affecting muscle and gut functions; induces release of AKH. Mapping of Crz-, PDF-, CCAP- containing neurons provides an important information concerning sites of release and action of these peptides. Here we employed immunohistochemical methods to confi rm the presence of above mentioned neuropeptides and to investigate their distribution in the brain of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) and Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera). Using [His7]-Crz antibody we were able to detect immunoreactive signal in both species in dorsolateral (DL) neurosecretory cells projecting ipsilateraly to the corpora cardiaca. Additional immunoreative somata were observed in pars intercerebralis (PIC). PDF-like immunoreativity was observed in optic lobes, DL and much weaker in PIC. CCAP-ir was detected in OL and PIC.
A trypsin inhibitor of Kazal type has been isolated from goose pancreas by affinity chromatography on immobilized anhydrotrypsin, anion exchange and reverse phase HPLC. It inhibits bovine β-trypsin with the association constant (Ka) of 5.99 x 10 M-1. The complete amino-acid sequence was determined following CNBr treatment. The protein comprised a total of 69 amino-acid residues, corresponding to a molecular mass of 7.7 kDa. The P1-P'1 reactive site bond of the inhibitor was localized at position Lys25-Met26. The amino-acid sequence of GPTI shows extremely high homology to that of other inhibitors isolated from pancreas of birds.
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The observation of the rapid rate of plant cover transformation caused by urbanization and agricultural technology was the inspiration for undertaking the study in rural areas. The study was carried out in the Sandomierz Basin in four typical villages with varying degrees of the anthropogenic impact. The changes observed included: Koszyce Małe – evident transformation of fields and meadows into building land; Kolbuszowa Dolna – intensive changes in land use, abandonment of fields and meadows, and river regulation; Roźwienica – emergence of new habitats for plant colonization after reclamation of land previously occupied by a brick factory and a landfill; Krzeczowice – intensive crop cultivation and unchanged land use. In 2009–2010, floristic investigations with the patrol method were carried out in these areas. The historical-geographical classification and indices of the anthropogenic changes of the flora were employed in the analysis. Substantially, domination of synanthropic species over non-synanthropic spontaneophytes was noted in the analysed floras. In the synanthropic species group, the proportion of apophytes was 3-fold higher than that of anthropophytes. Archaeophytes were more abundant than kenophytes. The flora of Krzeczowice, an area affected by long-term anthropopressure, was by approx. 30% less abundant than that in the other villages; it was also characterised by the highest synanthropization index, apophytization index, and index of apophytism of spontaneophytes. In turn, the flora found in Kolbuszowa Dolna was rich due to the presence of a wide variety of habitats; it was characterised by the lowest apophytization index accompanied by the highest anthropophization index.
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