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The noradrenergic system of the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) has been associated with feeding, but whether it controls feeding in a way that is relevant to energy balance is still unclear. Rats were maintained on a high energy, carbohydrate-rich diet (HC), or a low energy, carbohydrate-free, protein-rich diet (LP), until their daily energy intakes equalized. When injected with noradrenaline (NA) into the PVN, they ingested the same amounts of both diets so that the animals on the LP diet consumed only half the total energy of those on the HC diet. Continuous delivery of NA into the PVN via a microdialysis probe induced chewing on non-nutritive pieces of corks. The same chewing pattern could again be elicited by the subsequent NA deliveries. It is concluded that the nutritional value of a diet is irrelevant to the NA feeding response. The failure of NA administration to increase rat feeding in terms of energy intake, combined with its ability to stimulate chewing, suggests that the primary role of the NA system of the PVN may not be controlling the carbohydrate and energy intake, but rather gating behavioral responses that under appropriate circumstances may lead to ingestion.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We investigated the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and anxietylike behavior of mice after damage to the projections from the locus coeruleus as a result of a single administration (50 mg/kg) of DSP-4 that is a selective neurotoxin of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. METHODS: Adult male Swiss mice were divided into 2 groups whose behavior was examined for 3 and 15 days. Brain sections were examined immunohistochemically (IMH) 4 and 16 after the injection of DSP-4. I group was tested in open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) 3 days after injection of DSP-4 (n=4) or saline (n=8). 4 days after the injection the brains were dissected and investigated by immunohistochemistry. In II group the same behavioral and IMH procedures were performed 15 and 16 days after injection of DSP-4 (n=4) or saline (n=8). Cell proliferation was determined using 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine. RESULTS: In I group there were no significant changes in mice behavior in OF and EPM.  In II group a significant effect of administration of DSP-4 on behavior of mice was observed only in the OF, no differences were observed in the EPM. The immunohistochemical studies in group I revealed significant decrease in number of proliferating cells in all examined section as compared to the control group. In group II an increased number of proliferating cells was found in all experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the reduced level of noradrenaline in brain that could have been produced by administration of DSP-4 may increase anxiety-like behavior in mice. The lesions of noradrenergic neurons caused by DSP-4 inhibit cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus but do not damage the progenitor cells which produce granule neurons in the hippocampus.
INTRODUCTION: Advanced paternal age (APA) is a risk factor for conceiving children with autism spectrum disorders. Social deficits, altered communication and repetitive behaviors are key diagnostic symptoms of autism. AIM(S): In this study we used a mouse model to investigate the effects of APA on offspring communicative behaviors - ultrasound vocalization (USV). METHOD(S): 4–5 month old Swiss males conceived by fathers of 3 different ages – 12 month old (Advanced Paternal Age, APA n=32), 2 month old (Young Paternal Age, YPA-1 n=17), 5 month old (YPA-2 n=16) - and mothers aged 3 months, were subjected to the resident-intruder test to evoke USVs emission. The tested mouse, which had been previously isolated for 7 days, was habituated for 7 minutes to a soundproof chamber. An intruder (C57/CBA 2–4 month old male) was then introduced to the home-cage of the tested mouse. Ultrasound vocalizations were recorded for 180 s using an ultrasound-sensitive microphone placed 10 cm above the cage and were analysed using Avisoft SASLab software. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences among groups in the latency to start USV emission. The percentage of vocalizing mice in APA was 87,5%, YPA‑1 – 53% and YPA‑2 – 87,5%. APA mice displayed increased number of USVs (p=0.003), increased duration and decreased sound amplitude of USVs, compared to YPA mice (p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). No significant changes were observed in minimum and maximum USV frequencies. Furthermore, USVs were classified based on their waveform pattern. Mice conceived by differently aged fathers exhibited different repertoires of vocalizations. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, paternal age affects USV patterns in adult offspring. Heritable de novo mutations and/ or epigenetic alterations transmitted by the sperm may underlie the phenotypic changes observed in offspring. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This work was supported by the Polish National Science Center (2014/15/D/NZ4/04274) and in part by Statutory Research Fund of the Department of Animal and Human Physiology of University of Gdansk.
We assesed the effectiveness of coping with stress during a 30 hours driving course by people with different levels of stress. Volunteers aged 18–30 took participated: 8 women and 7 men in the control group, and 9 women and 9 men preparing for the exam. Before the start of the course all participants took the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Saliva samples to measure cortisol were collected from each of the participants: before the start of the course, before the 1st, 13th and 28th driving hour. Blood pressure was measured: before the course, during the 15th hour and the 30th hour of the course. Participants in the control group had one saliva sample taken and their blood pressure was measured once. The results suggest that the hour of the course is related to the level of the cortisol – the highest level is achieved before the first hour of the course and then it decreases in time (ANOVA: F3,64=14.9, P<0.001). Systolic pressure is related to the hour of the course (F2,48=11.3, P<0.001) and it reaches its peak before the state exam. There is a similar relation in case of diastolic pressure (F2,51=6.4, P=0.003). CISS test has shown that there are differences in copying with stress (between sexes as well as age-related).
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Biomarkers are biological indicators that permit qualitative study and quantitative evaluation of various conditions, phenomena or biological features. In modern medicine biomarkers are used for precise and relatively easy diagnosis of chronic diseases, and the assessment of likelihood of their occurrence. Nowadays, it is intensively explored research area for new therapies and biochemical, physiological, histological, morphological, or behavioral types of biomarkers are distinguished. The aim was to explain previously poorly explored correlation between biological markers of stress and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and systematization of knowledge. METHODS: PubMed search was used to find the available literature data, key words: biomarkers, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, blood, cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta resulting in impairing the motor skills, cognitive process and other function. However, it has been shown that noradrenergic (NAergic) cells from the locus coeruleus also degenerate in this disease. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is manifested by neocortical and hippocampal atrophy, the deposition of Aβ peptides and the formation of neurofibrillar tangles. AD is a progressive degeneration of cholinergic nuclei in the basal forebrain and of NAergic nuclei in the brainstem. It is considered that neuronal loss is greater in NAergic neurons than cholinergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Presented is a succinct review of the role and designation of biological markers in neurodegenerative diseases.
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