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The behavioural development of conspecific odour preferences in Brandt's vole Microtus brandti (Radde, 1861) was evaluated in laboratory tests. During the weaning period (15th-30th day after the birth), the preference of pups to individual odours of their parents, novel adult males and females were examined. Pups investigated odours of unfamiliar adults significantly more than those of their parents and they displayed significantly more jumping and upward visual investigating behaviours on the bedding soiled by unfamiliar adults than they did on the bedding of their parents. However, the frequency of crossing the parent's bedding was significantly higher than the frequency of crossing the bedding of alien adults. It is suggested that odour discrimination ability was associated with the age of pups. The Brandt's vole pups might keep themselves away from unfamiliar environments by keeping away from the novel conspecific odours.
Forest soil respiration (SR) has become a vital issue in global change ecology because of its critical role in global warming processes. However, SR remains the least understood component of the terrestrial carbon cycle because of its high spatial-temporal variability, inaccessibility of the soil substrate, and the high cost of measurement equipment. This study investigated the spatial and temporal variations of SR in six temperate and subtropical forest sites in eastern China. Seasonal variations of SR, the relationship between SR and soil temperature (ST) and volumetric water content (SW) were analyzed. Mean monthly SR varied seasonally and peaked in summer. SR varied temporally with ST (R² = 0.43∼0.79) in different sites and varied spatially with latitude (R² = 0.68). The responses of SR to the changes of SW varied across different sites and forest types. Their relationships were simulated by piecewise functions in the north three sites. The modules of ST and SW showed that ST is the dominant environmental factor in regulating seasonal dynamics of SR. This study is the first to examine the temporal and spatial variations of SR using a consistent method in situ in temperate and subtropical forests in eastern China. The results provide a scientific basis for accurately assessing future soil CO₂ efflux as a result of climate changes, and aid predictions of the changes of forest SR.
Cutting fluid wastewater is a highly concentrated organic effluent generated in the production of silicon water. Because the wastewater that contains synthetic organic compounds is characterized by high COD content, complex components, and poor biodegradability, it is absolutely formidable to be fully treated using one method. Therefore, the combined Fenton-MBR process was developed and explored in this trial, in which some organic compounds such as polyethylene glycol and surfactants can be broken to little pieces by Fenton oxidation and subsequently treated by the MBR process. The operating parameters were tested and optimized respectively, and the process mechanism was revealed as well. Under optimal operating conditions of Fenton oxidation (COD concentration of 2,500 mg/L, reaction temperature of 30ºC, pH of 3.0, Fe²⁺ dosage of 20 mmol/L, H₂O₂ dosage of 250 mmol/L, and treatment time of 3 h) and MBR system (HRT of 8 h, DO of 1 mg/L), COD removal efficiency could reach 97%, and the effluent COD was ultimately reduced to 100 mg/L. The results demonstrated that the combined Fenton-MBR process can solve the defects of MBR, which is arduous to degrade synthetic organic compounds, improving the biodegradability of wastewater and the efficiency of contaminant removal.
Fruit skin coloration is a unique phase in the life cycle of fruiting plants and is mainly attributed to anthocyanin pigments. Anthocyanins are the largest and most diverse group of plant pigments derived from the phenyl propanoid pathway. They are water-soluble phenolic compounds that form part of a large and common group of plant flavonoids. Coloration encompasses several physiological and biochemical changes that happen through differential expression of various developmentally regulated genes. Due to research importance and economic value, Arabidopsis thaliana (chromosome no. = 5) and Vitis vinifera (chromosome no. = 19) have been used for investigations of the structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Thus for this review, V. vinifera is used as a model crop. In anthocyanin biosynthesis, a wide range of constructive genes including phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase that are regulated by MYB transcription factors are involved. These genes are coordinately expressed and their levels of expression are positively related to the anthocyanin concentrations. Expression or suppression of the constructive genes contributes to a variety of changes that make fruits visually attractive and edible. Transgenic approaches also have discovered a strong relationship between phenyl propanoid/flavonoid gene expressions for fruit skin coloration. In this study, various developments that have taken place in the last decade with respect to identifying and altering the function of color-related genes are described.
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