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1

Charakterystyka funkcjonowania rynku farmaceutycznego w Polsce

100%
Plucinska K.
Handel Wewnętrzny
|
1995
|
tom 41
|
nr 5-6
47-52
2

Pracoholizm jako problem spoleczny

100%
Plucinska K.
Problemy Jakości
|
2003
|
tom 35
|
nr 06
43
3

O wartosci i znaczeniu barw pomieszczen

63%
Gorska E., Plucinska K.
Problemy Jakości
|
2002
|
tom 34
|
nr 12
41-42
4

Ergonomia w jakosci zycia osob z niepelnosprawnosciami

63%
Gorska E., Plucinska K.
Problemy Jakości
|
2003
|
tom 35
|
nr 07
35
5

Chronmy plecy

63%
Gorska E., Plucinska K.
Problemy Jakości
|
2003
|
tom 35
|
nr 03
43
6

Morphological changes in the midbrain dopaminergic cells in response to new environmental and after electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in rats

51%
Jerzemowska G., Plucinska K., Kulikowski M., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2011
|
tom 71
|
nr S
The aim of the study was to test whether increased activity of the telencephalic dopaminergic systems found in rats differing in locomotor activity to novelty (high responders; HR or low responders; LR) is associated with differences in the morphology of cells containing the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the main group of the brain dopaminergic neurons. The morphology of cells were analyzed in conditions of exposure to a new environment and after chronic electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Two groups of male Wistar rats were used: subjected to a new environment (moving from vivarium to the experimental room) and subjected to a 14-day unilateral electrical stimulation of the VTA, which produces behavioral signs of psychomotor activation. After termination of the stimulation procedure, all rats were subjected to the immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining of neurons expressing TH (TH+ cells). We analyzed the whole cell: measure area (μm2 ), perimeter, major and minor axis length (μm) and circularity factor (μm2 / μm2 ). We found that chronic electrical stimulation of the VTA causes significant changes in the morphology of TH+ cells as manifested by changes in their normal shape and distribution of pigment (immunohistochemical labeling: in the rats after stimulation of the VTA in comparison to the naive gropus grayscale value >70% vs >50%), as well as increasing the size of cells in both HR and LR rats (immunofluorescence labeling: area p<0.01, perimeter p<0.001, major axis length p<0.05 and circularity factor p<0.05 in the HR and LR rats after stimulation of the VTA in comparison to the HR and LR naive rats). The results obtained suggest that individual behavioral and neurochemical differences which are correlated with increased susceptibility to stress and propensity to develop drug addictions, which characterize HR animals, may be connected with alterations in the morphology and activity of the dopaminergic systems.
7

Lesion of the amygdala nuclei in rats determines behaviors diagnostic for autism spectrum disorders

51%
Ptaszek K., Plucinska K., Myslinska D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2013
|
tom 73
|
nr Suppl.1
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of pervasive developmental disorder. All of them have been developing from birth, accompanying human through whole life and have strong influence on social functioning, communication as well as cognitive abilities. Neurobiological research (e.g. neuroimaging) indicate that patients with ASD demonstrate impairments of amygdala structure and functioning. It is worth to compare if previous results in human may be observed in animals. The aim of this study was display that lesion of amygdala nuclei may indicate behaviors diagnostic for ASD. For that purpose on a group of male Wistar rats (n=40) was conducted an electrolytic lesion of basolateral (BLA) or centromedial (CeA) amygdala. Animals were divided into groups separately for BLA and CeA: control (without operation), sham (operation, without lesion) and lesioned. After convalescence rats were observed in different behavioral tests which measured social functioning (social interactions), anxiety (elevated plus maze), spatial memory (water maze) and communication (smell preference). Obtain results suggest that amygdala lesion decreased social functioning or anxiety (BLA and CeA), communication (BLA), motor activity (CeA). In spite of this spatial memory increased (BLA). On the base of behavioral results it is likely that lesion of amygdala nuclei may be perceive animal model for further studies. (support: NN303 819040).
8

Amphetamine injection into contralateral nucleus accumbens shell alters feeding evoked by stimulation of the mesolimbic system

51%
Jerzemowska G., Plucinska K., Ptaszek K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2015
|
tom 75
|
nr Supl.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dopamine projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) – a somatodendritic region of mesolimbic system to the nucleus accumbens (particularly its shell region, AcbSh) – which constitutes its main terminal structure may play a central role in modulating affective states. In the present work, we used model of the VTA electrical stimulation-induced feeding reaction to research the role of AcbSh dopamine transmission in motivated behaviors. METHODS: In 5 rats (n=5) latency to eat was measured as a function of stimulation frequency before and after contralateral intraAcbSh injection of dopamine agonist D-amphetamine (dose 5.0 µg dissolved in 0.5 µl of water). This experimental method allowed us to distinguish between motivational vs. motor aspects of tested reaction. RESULTS: Inactivation of theAcbSh caused of itsintra injection of dopamine agonist D-amphetamine on the contralateral side (in relation to the hemisphere with VTA stimulation) affects motivational processes assessed by changes in frequency threshold for stimulation-induced feeding response. We observed increase, by more than 10% (about 13.37%), in the reaction threshold as compared with water control. Increase of the frequency threshold was accompanied by a parallel rightward shift of the function relating latency to feed to stimulation frequency, but statistical analysis of latency at the specific frequencies showed no significance (from 17.71 Hz to 81.38 Hz, P>0.05). Distilled water injected into the contralateral AcbSh (volume of the 0.5 µl), as a control group (n=5), did not cause any effect in comparison with the preinjection baseline. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the contralateral inactivation at the level of AcbSh does not impair of the behavior induced by activity of the dopaminergic cells at the level of VTA. Research was financed by the Polish National Science Centre (NCN); decision no: DEC-2013/09/D/NZ4/02499.
9

Medial septal NMDA receptor inhibition increases time spent in open arms in high and low responder rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety

51%
Podlacha M., Grzybowska M., Plucinska K., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2015
|
tom 75
|
nr Supl.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The limbic glutamatergic neurotransmission may be involved in the biological mechanisms underlying anxiety-related disorders. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of NMDA glutamatergic receptor antagonist – D-AP7 infusions into the medial septum (MS) on time spent in open arms in rats differing in behavioral characteristics, stress susceptibility and anxiety level measured by their locomotor response to novelty: high (HRs) or low (LRs) responders under the elevated plus maze (EPM) test paradigm which is a rodent model of anxiety. METHODS: Male Wistar rats prior categorized as HRs or LRs in the novelty test (2 h) were exposed to the EPM test (5 min) in the baseline and 15 min after injection of D-AP7 (DL-2-amino-7- phosphoheptanoate, receptor antagonist; 0.1 µg/rat in 0.5 µl saline solution; n=15) or saline (0.5 µl/rat; n=12) via implanted cannulae into the MS. Data are presented as mean±SD. RESULTS: Following the D-AP7 injection, a significant increase in time spent in the open arms in both HRs (46±6 s) and LRs (102±6 s) within the D-AP7 group, in comparison with the baseline value (HR: 19±9 s, LR: 11±5 s; P≤0.001) and the SAL control group (HR: 24±9 s, LR: 19±9 s; P≤0.001), was observed. In the LRs, time in the open arms was significantly longer (LR: 102±6 s), as compared to the HRs (HR: 46±6 s; P≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results indicate that blocking of MS NMDA glutamate receptors decreases the expression of anxiety – like behavior, indicating by increased time spent in open arms in rats. This effect is more pronounced in rats with higher anxiety level but lower behavioral activity and stress susceptibility, which are attributed to the low responders. This study was supported by Gdańsk University grant for young scientists from Poland: 538-L124-B597-14.
10

The influence of electrical stimulation of the raphe magnus on rat behaviours

51%
Ptaszek K., Plucinska K., Polasik P., Jurkowlaniec E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2015
|
tom 75
|
nr Supl.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The activity of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain is strictly connected with the raphe nuclei. They are connected mainly with and influence the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures. Clinical studies indicate that 30% of people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have elevated platelet 5-HT level. The aim of the study was to investigate whether chronic (16-days) electrical stimulation of the raphe magnus (RMg) in rats can evoke behaviours comparable with the behaviours present in people with ASD. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were implanted with electrodes into the RMg under isoflurane anaesthesia. After 10-days convalescence chronic electrical stimulation began. Rats were divided into stimulated (n=6) and non-stimulated (sham/n=7) groups. Every day 25 stimulation trials were carried out, consisting of 30 s stimulation followed by 20 s interval. In sham group no current was passed through the electrode. During stimulations the locomotor activity was measured. Furthermore, the rats’ anxiety level and social responses were analyzed respectively on the 3rd and 8th day after the first stimulation. RESULTS: Locomotor activity was significantly higher in the experimental groups. At the intensity of 60–90 μA we observed rapid breathing, sniffing, and cage exploration, and at 110–140 μA – cage exploration and circular body movements. The anxiety level, analyzed as the time spent in closed arms in the elevated plus maze test, was comparable; nevertheless, social activity, measured in the three chamber test as a preference to a social stimulus, was reduced in the stimulated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Electrical stimulation of the RMg induced hyperlocomotor and reduced social behaviours, which are the symptoms often present in the course of ASD. The obtained results suggest that hyperactivity of the serotonergic system may play a role in the development of ASD. The research was funded by Young Researcher grant, 538-L124- B598-14
11
Content available remote

Domage to the nucleus accumbens shell but not core impairs ventral tegmental area stimulation-induced feeding

51%
Trojniar W., Plucinska K., Ignatowska -Jankowska B., Jankowski M.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2007
|
tom 58
|
nr 3
63-71
12

Influence of glutamate injection into unilateral nucleus accumbens shell on behavioral response elicited by ipsilateral stimulation of the mesolimbic system

51%
Plucinska K., Jerzemowska G., Podlacha M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2015
|
tom 75
|
nr Supl.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Food intake is regulated not only by homeostatic requirements but also by emotional factors. The nucleus accumbens, particularly its shell region (AcbSh) is a part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system which is responsible for a positive emotional aspect of various homeostasis-relevant stimuli. In the present work, we tested the AcbSh involvement in feeding behavior using an experimental paradigm specifically designed to assess motivational vs. motor aspect of food ingestion. METHODS: In rats (n=4), feeding was evoked by electrical stimulation of the midbrain ventral tegmental area (a somatodendritic region of mesolimbic system) and assessed quantitatively with the use of the latency to feed/stimulation frequency curve shift paradigm before and after ipsilateral glutamate injection (dose 2.0 µg dissolved in 0.5 µl of distillated water) into AcbSh (distillated water injection as a control, volume: 0.5 µl). RESULTS: Effect of ipsilateral glutamate injection into the AcbSh on behavioral response following the VTA stimulation was varied. In three rats the percentage reaction threshold did not change significantly and was approximated the baseline (not exceed ±10%). We observed an increase/decrease in the reaction threshold by only +0.31%, +2.85% and −1.90% in comparison to the water injection. In one rat the feeding threshold reaction was changed by significantly more than 10%. This significant increase was about +19.40% as compared to the baseline (water injection). CONCLUSIONS: Glutamate AcbSh activation – the major terminal area of the mesolimbic system does not affect the behavior induced by stimulation of the dopaminergic cells at the level of VTA. Presumably a different effect observed in one rat is dependent on the injected place within the AcbSh area. Research was financed by the Polish National Science Centre (NCN); decision no: DEC-2013/09/N/NZ4/02195
13

Jak wybrac odpowiednie krzeslo?

51%
Gorska E., Plucinska K.
Problemy Jakości
|
2002
|
tom 34
|
nr 11
45
14

Mild laboratory stress elevates FOS expression in the amygdala and hypothalamus in rats high-responsive to novelty

45%
Majkutewicz I., Myslinska D., Jerzemowska G., Plucinska K., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2011
|
tom 71
|
nr S
Responsiveness to novelty is often used as a measure of inter-individual vulnerability to stress loads and drug abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between individual behavioral profile and brain structures activation. Possible influence of stressful laboratory routines on manifestation of these individual differences was investigated. Male Wistar rats (n=21) were subjected to the novelty test and divided into high (HR) and low (LR) responders to a new environment according to median. Randomly chosen 6 LRs and 5 HRs rats were handled and carried out from the vivarium to the laboratory for nine days (carried group), remaining rats stayed in their home cages (control group, 5 HRs and 5 LRs). One week after the last carrying, an immunohistochemical detection of Fos protein in selected brain areas was performed. Carried HRs showed significantly higher Fos expression in all studied nuclei of the amygdala and most of the hypothalamic areas as compared to LRs and also to control rats. Carried LRs showed elevated density of Fos+ cells only in the stressrelated paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei. Surprisingly, inter-individual (HR vs LR) differences in brain activation was found in carried rats only. We conclude that mild stress evoked by some laboratory routines reveals constitutive differences between the individuals reflected by an increased activity of the amygdala and hypothalamus.
15

Effect of unilateral lesion of the nudeus accumbens on behaviour evoked by stimulation of the A10 neuronal group in the contralateral hemisphere

45%
Plucinska K., Jankowska B., Jankowski M., Prabucka I., Trojniar W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2005
|
tom 65
|
nr 3
16

High frequency stimulation of the subthalaic nucleus increases blood NK cell number in hemiparkinsonian rats differing in response to novelty

39%
Grembecka B., Glac W., Plucinska K., Ledochowski P., Gora A., Badtke P., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2009
|
tom 69
|
nr 3
High frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a surgical therapy for improving of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we assessed the HFS effects on cytometric analysis of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (T, B, NK, T helper, T cytotoxic) in freely moving hemiparkinsonian rats. Before unilateral lesion of the right substantia nigra pars compacta (6-hydroxydopamine), all rats were divided into two behavioral groups: high-HR and low-LR responders in novelty test. As compared to the sham controls, HFS of STN signifi cantly increases NK cell percentage number (25.86 ± 9.68% vs. 18.79 ± 5.63%, P<0.05). In contrast, signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower B lymphocytes level in stimulated (18.86 ± 3.91%) then sham group (22.80 ± 4.63%) was observed. These general changes in NK and B lymphocyte numbers were refl ected in HR stimulated animals (31.08 ± 7.19% vs. 20.44 ± 5.65% for NK cells number and 17.67 ± 2.57% vs. 23.23 ± 3.37% for B lymphocyte, stimulated vs controls, respectively, P<0.01). On the other hand, signifi - cantly lower T lymphocyte level in LR stimulated animals in comparison to LR controls was found (38.32 ± 4.18% vs. 45.91 ± 5.68%). Moreover, signifi cant differences between stimulated HRS and LRS in the NK and T cytotoxic percentages were found (31.08 ± 7.19% vs. 17.63 ± 6.74%, P<0.05; 8.46 ± 1.83% vs. 12.29 ± 1.76%, P<0.01). The results emphasize the importance of individual differences in reactivity to novelty on immune response to HFS of STN.
17

Beneficial effect of high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on Vermicelli handling test behavior after partial nigral depletion in rats

39%
Grembecka B., Dzbenska E., Ziołkowska N., Majkutewicz I., Plucinska K., Ptaszek K., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2017
|
tom 77
|
nr Suppl.1
INTRODUCTION: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lead to motor deficits observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The neurosurgical therapy of choice is high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (HFS-STN) improved motor control. The motor impairment depends on the progression of nigral degeneration and in rats model of PD may be measured by Vermicelli handling test (VHT). AIM(S): The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of HFS‑STN on VHT behavior in rats with early PD model, induced by 6-OHDA infusion into SNpc. METHOD(S): Male Wistar rats (n=12) were implanted unilaterally for HFS-STN and received a intranigral infusion of 6-OHDA. 5 days before infusion rats were trained on handle 7 cm lengths of vermicelli pasta and acclimated to video recording. Then, rats were subjected to HFS-STN for 7 days (1 h daily) at intensity just below triggering forelimb dyskinesia or SHAM stimulation. The VHT was providing in both groups each day. The number of adjustments made with each forepaw per each pasta piece, which allow definite Vermicelli asymmetry ratio (VAR) and time to eat were analyzed. PD model have been verified by the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. For a statistical analysis of the results, SPSS software was used. RESULTS: U-Man Whitney tests showed that HFS-STN stimulated rats consumed the pasta significantly faster than the SHAM (p≤0.001) across days 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th, and 7th after 6-OHDA infusion. Interestingly, the VAR was higher in HFS-STN rats in 1st and 4th (p≤0.001 and p≤0.01) days in comparison to SHAM animals. The atypical behaviors were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The HFS-STN applied in partial dopamine depleted rats influence on time of pasta eating and enhanced asymmetries in forepaw adjustments. The obtained results suggest that faster eating after HFS-STN may be related with amelioration of orofacial movements or increased motivation for food, but not with forepaw manipulation improvement. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by the Department of Animal and Human Physiology found 530-L124-D248-16.
18

The effects of high frequency subthalamic stimulation on plasma corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in hemiparkinsonian rats

39%
Grembacka B., Listowska M., Glac W., Plucinska K., Jerzemowska G., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2015
|
tom 75
|
nr Supl.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the best target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) elevating motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Although DBS is beneficial for patients with PD, it can also cause psychiatric and autonomic side effects of unknown etiology. Since the depression-like behavior is described after high frequency subthalamic stimulation (HFS-STN) in rats, it is important to examine impact of HFS-STN on hypothalamic-adrenal axis (HPA) activation and plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma corticosterone (CORT), TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 levels following HFS-STN in hemiparkinsonian rats. METHODS: Unilateral, continuous HFS-STN (pulse width: 60 µs, frequency: 130 Hz, stimulation intensity: 30–115 µA, during 1 h. stimulation period) was provide in freely moving hemiparkinsonian rats. The model of PD was obtained by stereotactic microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the right substantia nigra pars compacta. The blood samples were collected by heart puncture after the electrical or sham stimulation. The CORT level in plasma was measured by radioimmunoassay method, while concentrations of cytokines were quantified using ELISA method. RESULTS: We found that HFS-STN applied in hemiparkinsonian rats significantly increase plasma CORT level (t27=2.31, P≤0.05) in comparison to SHAM control group). We also observed an increase in IFN–γ (t27=2.89, P≤0.01) and TNF-α (t27=2.88, P≤0.01) concentrations, while the IL-6 level decrease (t27=3.38, P≤0.01) following HFS-STN. CONCLUSIONS: These data shows that HFS-STN influence endocrine and immune parameters in peripheral blood in hemiparkinsonian rats. One hour, continuous HFS-STN activated HPA axis (measured by plasma corticosterone level) and elevated concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that HFSSTN provokes peripheral immune and endocrine effects similar to observed in behavioral depression.
19

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation influence on erythrocyte number and hemoglobin levels in a rat model of early Parkinson's disease

39%
Grembecka B., Koriat P., Podlacha M., Majkutewicz I., Ptaszek K., Plucinska K., Wrona D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2019
|
tom 79
|
nr Suppl.1
INTRODUCTION: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is most effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) motor symptoms. A number of epidemiological studies have recently highlighted the association between hemoglobin (HGB) levels and PD risk. Interestingly, several lines of evidence confirm that STN-DBS increases regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen concentrations in target brain areas. AIM(S): Considering the close association between oxygen concentration, red blood number (RBC), and HBG, we hypothesized that enhanced blood flow during STN-DBS may influence peripheral RBC parameters in a rat model of early PD. METHOD(S): Male Wistar rats were implanted unilaterally for STN-DBS and received intranigral (substantia nigra pars compacta, SNpc) infusion of 6‑OHDA. After recovery, rats were subjected to STN-DBS for 7 days (1h daily, n=6) or SHAM stimulation (control, n=6). Immediately after collection, peripheral blood samples were analyzed using automated hematology analyzer (Cell Dyn 3700). The RBC number, hematocrit percentage (HCT), HGB concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured. PD model was verified by the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in SNpc. For a statistical analysis of the results, SPSS 22.0 software was used. RESULTS: The Student’s t‑test showed that STN‑DBS rats had a significantly higher number of RBC in comparison to the SHAM rats (t(10)=‑2.912; p≤0.05). The HCT percentage slightly increased but differences did not reach statistical significance. Mann‑Whitney U tests showed that HGB level was higher in STN-DBS rats (Z=‑1.290; p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The STN-DBS applied in a rat model of early PD has an influence on RBC number and HGB level. The obtained results suggest that there are peripheral compensation mechanisms for the increased oxygen demand during STN‑DBS in rats. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Department of Animal and Human Physiology fund.
20

NMDA receptor modulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus decreases the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta in rats

39%
Plucinska K., Piwka A., Ptaszek K., Podlacha M., Orzel-Gryglewska J., Jerzemowska G.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2019
|
tom 79
|
nr Suppl.1
INTRODUCTION: Two notable targets of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) circuitry, the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), are implicated in locomotion and reward processing. A dysfunction of these regions occurs in Parkinson’s and related disorders as well as in various psychiatric conditions, and over the course of normal aging AIM(S): In the present study, we were interested in understanding NMDA-receptors involvement in the interactions between the PPN and SN/VTA midbrain complex. In order to obtain more insight into this process, we analyzed the number and the distribution of midbrain tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells (TH+). METHOD(S): All rats were implanted with bilateral stimulating electrodes in the VTA and with bilateral guide cannulas for intracerebral injections into the PPN. Immunohistochemistry for TH+ was used to measure the number of active dopaminergic neurons in midbrain (VTA-SN) of rats subjected to unilateral VTA electrical stimulation and local injection of MK‑801 (5 μg) or NMDA (3 μg) to the contralateral or ipsilateral hemispheres into the PPN (4 experimental groups). The control brains were from rats in which only the 14‑day unilateral electrical VTA‑stimulation was performed (control group). RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decrease in the number of TH+ cells in the midbrain. When the main subdivisions of the VTA/SN were subjected to a separate analysis, a significantly lower number of TH+ cells were found in all experimental groups in the PBP (parabrachial pigmented nucleus), PB (paranigral nucleus) and SNc (SN, pars compacta), as compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The level of NMDA receptor arousal in the PPN regulates the activity of the midbrain dopaminergic cells. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: The research was funded by the Polish National Science Center; decision no: DEC‑2013/09/N/NZ4/02195 and by the Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland.
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