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The protection of humans and domestic animals against parasitic infections remains a major goal, especially in light of developing of drug resistant strains in many parasite species. "Classic" vaccines are based on attenuated infective stages of protozoan and helminth parasites. Although such vaccines are effective in confering host immunity against several Protozoan (coccidiosis, giardiosis, toxoplasmosis) diseases and one helminth (dictyocaulosis) they are very unstable and expensive. Recombinant techniques enable to obtain protective antigens quickly and in considerable quantities, cultivating of the bacteria and purification of the recombinant protein is less expensive than the maintenance of host animals and isolation of the protective antigens from harvested parasites. Moreover, the cloned protective antigens may be deprived of epitopes responsible for immunopathology. However, at present only one anti-parasite recombinant protein vaccine is commercially available (TickGARD). Such a situation may result from that many protective parasitic antigens cannot be expressed in bacteria or yeast in anative from. DNA vaccines present many advantages over protein ones. Firstly, the antigenic proteins synthesised within the host cell possess an appropriate molecular structure and undergo a posttranslational modifications specific for a native protein. The next advantage of DNA vaccines is that DNA is easier to handle and more resistant than proteins to temperature changes. DNA vaccines are likely to induce novel mechanisms of i mm une response, which may be beneficial in case of parasitic invasions. Costs of DNA vaccines are comparable, and may be even lower, in comparison to recombinant protein vaccines. The main obstacle preventing the use of DNA vaccines is still Jack of the complete knowledge conceming mechanisms of their action. Vaccines based on transgenic plants (=edible vaccines), expressing the protective parasitic antigens, present another promising approach in research on anti-parasitic vaccines. Such vaccines may be of special importance in prevention of infections with gastrointestinal parasites.
The paper gives examples of employment of nuclear techniques in research on nucleic acids, protein and energy metabolism, turnover and antigenicity of surface proteins and also on development of parasitic protozoans and helmtnths.
Sensitivity and specificity are the two most important criteria that define the quality of a diagnostic technique. DNA probes and PCR-based techniques may simplify the diagnosis of parasitic infections. PCR is a powerful diagnostics tool. The method enables detection of even a very small amount of DNA. An extreme sensitivity of the PCR, being a major advantage of the method is also a cause of potentially false positive results. To achieve reliable diagnostic results several modifications have been introduced to the classic PCR procedure. PCR and PCR-based techniques are currently increasingly used for detection of parasitic infections, to differentiate closely related species which are difficult to be recognised with traditional methods, for estimation of parasite burdens, and for the detection of drug resistant strains.
Surface proteins and glycoproteins of ex- sheathed L3 (XL3), L4 and adults were identified by labelling live worms with NHS-SS-biotin which labels primary amine groups and biotin hydrazide (BH) which introduces biotin into sugar residues. After labelling and extensive washing, worms were homogenised in low-osmotic-strength buffer (TBS) and subjected to sequential extractions with SDS and SDS + 2-Me containing buffers. Labelled proteins released from the worms by these procedures were analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting and probing with AP-streptavidin. Western blot analysis of biotinylated cuticular proteins from parasitic stages of O. circumcincta revealed stage specific differences in the labelling patterns of the cuticular proteins and glycoproteins. Developmental differences in cuticular components were apparent in the variety of MW of the components seen in Western blots although some components identified in Western blots appeared to be conserved (78 and 45 kDa). Two to six polypeptides were recognised in XL3 surface extracts by serum from sheep vaccinated with adult nematode somatic proteins. The surface of fourth stage larvae showed less cross-reactivity. Interestingly, the molecular weights of polypeptides recognised by anti-adult serum in streptavidin affinity isolated XL3 cuticular proteins were different from those recognised in adult cuticular proteins, which suggested that the cross-reacting epitopes were located on different proteins.
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