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In the years 1994-1996, a total of 592 specimens of herring Clupea harengus membras L., caught in southern Baltic, were examined. The investigations revealed four species of trematodes: Hemiurus lühei, H. raabei, H. levinseni, Brachyphallus crenatus, two species of nematodes: Hysterothylacium auctum (syn. H. aduncum), and Anisakis simplex and three acanthocephalans: Echinorhynchus gadi, Metechinorhynchus salmonis and Pomphorhynchus sp. The finding of H. levinseni constitutes the first record of this species in Polish waters. The infection parameters of herring (prevalence, intensity and abundance) were compared in relation to different capture areas and seasons of the year. Possible affects of the feeding ground, fish body length and the spawning group of herring on the infection levels were also examined. No relation was observed between the place and the season of catch and the infection level of herring. The fish representing different feeding grounds (Baltic, Danish Straits) and sequential length classes showed variable parameters of infection.
The present investigation covered 400 specimens of Platichthys flesus and 22 of Scophthalmus maximus caught in the period of October 1993-December 1994 in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the South-east Baltic). The following parasite species were found: Bothriocephalus scorpii, Hysterothylacium auctum, Cucullanus heterochrous, Cuculanellus minutus, Anisakis simplex, Raphidascaris sp. (probably R. acus), Echinorhynchus gadi, and Pomphorhynchus laevis. The occurrence of parasites was studied in relation to the season of fishing and the length of the fish body.
The identified mutations in the pfcrt, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum show a very high correlation with resistance to chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, the drugs that are still used as malaria chemoprophylaxis or treatment. We undertook a molecular screening of 82 Polish P. falciparum isolates, mainly imported from different countries of sub-Saharan Africa to assess their molecular drug-resistance profiles. Only 4 isolates showed no mutations in the three analyzed gene fragments. In the remaining isolates from one to six mutations in one or more examined genes were found. Different mutations in the pfcrt, dhfr and dhps genes were found in ca. 76%, 80% and 70% of P. falciparum isolates, respectively. About forty our patients used chloroquine or pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine as malaria chemoprophylaxis and/or antimalarial treatment, but without success. In all but 5 of the P. falciparum isolates obtained from these persons, mutations associated to resistance of the parasite to chloroquine and the antifolate drugs were found.
Nematodes from the superfamily Ascaridoidea (families Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae) are worldwide distributed parasites. Their live cycles include many species of water invertebrates and teleostean fish as intermediate hosts, and fish, sea mammals or fish-eating birds being definitive hosts. Humans can be infected with some of these parasites after consumption of raw or wrongly processed fish. The parasitological investigations of fish (herring, cod and flatfish) from southern Baltic (ICES 24-26) provided in the years 80 and 90 showed their infection with larvae of several anisakid species: Anisakis simplex s. str., Contracaecum osculatum C and Hysterothylacium auctum. Sporadically Pseudoterranova decipiens and Raphidascaris acus were also found. Larvae of Anisakis simplex were noted mainly in herrings, C. osculatum primarily in cods and H. auctum in flounders. Additionally, preserved herrings (marinated, smoked) were also investigated and sporadically live larvae of A. simplex were found. The main etiological agent of human anisakidosis worldwide is A. simplex. Although the live cycle of this nematode cannot be completed in the Baltic Sea - this nematode is brought to the Baltic by infected herring migrating from the North Sea for spawning in coastal waters of the Southern Baltic - the prevalence and intensity of infection with larvae of this nematode species were the highest in fish investigated by us. The results obtained suggest the possibility of the human infection with A. simplex larvae in Poland.
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