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Celem badań było określenie związku polimorfizmu β-laktoglobuliny (β-LG) ze składem mleka i profilem kwasów tłuszczowych. Badania prowadzono na 30 maciorkach rasy wrzosówka w wieku 3-4 lat, od których w 4. tygodniu laktacji pobrano próby mleka. Szczegółowa analiza białek mleka pozwoliła określić warianty β-LG. Stwierdzono obecność trzech genotypów β-LG (AA, AB, BB). Frekwencja allelu B była dwukrotnie większa niż allelu A. Maciorki o genotypie BB produkowały mleko o większej zawartości kazeiny (P≤0,05) i laktozy (P≤0,01). Mleko maciorek o genotypie BB i AB charakteryzowało się większą (P≤0,05) zawartością kwasów jednonienasyconych (MUFA). Genotyp AB β-LG był związany z największym udziałem wielonienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych ogółem i PUFA n-3, chociaż największą zawartość kwasów długołańcuchowych (LCFA), w tym C18:0 i C18:1 cis9 stwierdzono w mleku maciorek o genotypie BB. Nie określono jednoznacznego związku badanych kwasów tłuszczowych z wariantem genetycznym β-laktoglobuliny.
A total of 160 Ross 308 female broilers from day 22 to 35 of age were used to investigate the effects of vitamin E and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of meat enriched with n-3 fatty acids. There were 4 treatment groups, 3 diets contained rape seeds and fish oil (60 and 15 g · kg–1, respectively – RF), the control diet contained animal fat - lard. To the RF diet different doses of vitamin E and Se were added (80 and 0.3, 150 and 0.3, 150 and 0.7 mg per kilogram of diet, respectively). Performance was measured and samples of breast and thigh meat were vacuum packed and stored at –30°C. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was determined after 3 weeks and after 3 months of frozen storage, when also fatty acid profiles, vitamin E and cholesterol contents in meat were measured. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were negatively influenced (P ≤ 0.05) by the increased dietary level of Se. Feeding diets with rape seeds and fish oil resulted in higher concentrations and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in breast and thigh meat (P ≤ 0.05) compared with the control. The increase of dietary vitamin E, but not Se, increased the tocopherol content in meat and reduced TBARS values in 3-month-stored thigh meat (P ≤ 0.05). It may be concluded that fortification of diets with vitamin E increases its concentration in, and oxidative stability of frozen stored breast and thigh meat, but no additional benefit was observed in feeding excess Se in combination with vitamin E.
Abstract: The investigation concerned the analysis of chosen coat features of yak maintained in totally different environment than they naturally exists. The study has been carried out on all adult yak individuals (4 females and 4 males) kept in Gdańsk zoological garden The coat samples have been taken in autumn form middle of the left side of animal to determine the proportion of hair fractions, length and fibre thickness within fraction, fibre surface features and cross section. The fractions were separated based on the length of the fibre within sample. Proportion of fraction was calculated from the fibre number within it. Fibre diameter of each fraction has been measured using microprojection method. The fraction length was determinated measuring fibre bunches with accuracy to 0.5 cm. The scales on the fibre surface as well as shape of cross-section were observed using scanning microscope. Two fi bre fractions were determinated: coarse hair (25%) and mid-type fibres (75%). The down fibres has not been found. The diameter of coarse hair and mid-type fraction averaged out 58.21 μm and 36.52 μm respectively. The coarse hair thickness in males was greater than in females (P < 0.01). Fibres belonging to mid-type fraction were characterized by clear scales and more regular, circular shape. In coarse hair disappearance of scales, medullation and eliptical cross section has been recorded. The coarse hair fraction was much longer than mid-type fibres (P ≤ 0.01). There was not statistical difference in fraction length depending on sex of animals.
Celem badań było określenie wpływu liczby komórek somatycznych (LKS) na składniki frakcji białkowej i tłuszczowej mleka owiec rasy wrzosówka. Badania przeprowadzono na 30 maciorkach w wieku 3-4 lat. W próbach mleka, pobieranego w 4. tygodniu laktacji, określono: podstawowy skład, LKS, zawartość białek serwatkowych i profil kwasów tłuszczowych. Po określeniu LKS próby podzielono na cztery klasy: I klasa – poniżej 100 x103 LKS/ml; II klasa – 100-200 x103 LKS/ml; III klasa – 200-500 x103 LKS/ml; IV klasa – powyżej 500 x103 LKS/ml. Wysoka zawartość LKS w mleku wpłynęła na obniżenie (P≤0,01) poziomu białka oraz głównej jego frakcji – kazeiny. Wraz ze wzrostem LKS obniżała się (P≤0,05; P≤0,01) także zawartość β-laktoglobuliny (β-LG). Zawartość laktoferyny (LF) – białka posiadającego silne właściwości antybakteryjne, wzrastała (P≤0,01), kiedy w mleku rosła liczba komórek somatycznych. W próbach mleka o największej LKS zarejestrowano mniejszą (P≤0,05) zawartość C20 PUFA w porównaniu do pozostałych klas. Spośród wybranych kwasów funkcjonalnych zawartość kwasu C20:3 (P≤0,05) i kwasu C22:5 (DPA) (P≤0,01) była większa odpowiednio w klasach II i III. Najmniejszy udział kwasów funkcjonalnych oznaczono w mleku o największej LKS. Liczba komórek somatycznych w większym stopniu wpłynęła na składniki frakcji białkowej mleka niż na zawartość kwasów tłuszczowych.
The aim of this study was the quantitive determination of cis-9, trans-11 isomer by two methods: gas chromatography (GC) and silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+HPLC) in ewes milk fat. The study was carried out on 20 ewes of Wrzosówka and Żelazneńska sheep, which were mantained at the same environmental and nutritional conditions. The milk samples have been collected from ewes at the age of 3—1 years and in the 4th week of lactation. The chemical composition, as well as fat content, was similar in both studied breeds. The amount of C18 fatty acids connected with the major CLA isomer did not show statistical differences between breeds, besides of C18:3, which was higher (P < 0.03) for Wrzosówka. The activity of A9 desaturase, the enzyme responsible for endogenous synthesis, was also higher (P < 0.01) for Wrzosówka ewes. The content of cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 isomer in milk fat of studied ewes determinated by GC method did not differ with this obtained by Ag+HPLC. The difference has not been noted also within studied breeds. Obtained results suggest, that major CLA isomer in milk could be sensitively identified what allow to precisely determining its amount both by classic GC method and Ag+HPLC method.
The chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk of Polish Mountain Sheep (PMS) and Polish Merino (PM) were investigated. The study was carried out on 20 suckling PMS ewes from the flock of Podhale region and on 20 PM ewes from the flock located in central part of Poland. The animals were fed winter diet. The milk samples have been collected from ewes at the age of 3–4 years and in the 4th week of lactation. Milk chemical composition of PMS and PM ewes was similar. The differences in fatty acids profile in both tested breeds have been observed. In milk of PMS the portion of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) was higher (P ≤ 0.01) than PM ewes. In the group of long chain fatty acids (LCFA), the C18:0, C18:1 c7 (P ≤ 0.01), C18:1 c9 (P ≤ 0.05) content was higher for PM, but C18:3, C20:4, C20:3, C20:5 and C22:5 portion (P ≤ 0.01) was greater for PMS. The milk of Polish Mountain Sheep was characterized by higher proportion of PUFA n-3, lower n-6/n-3 ratio (P ≤ 0.01) as well as higher content (P ≤ 0.01) of conjugated linoleic acid c9, t11.
Level of milk performance of sheep and goat suckled by their offspring bred under the conditions of alternative production systems. The research was carried out in 2007 on the Boer goat does and ewes of two sheep breeds of Polish Heath Sheep and Zelaznienska. The animals were at age of 2-3 years and they were suckled by the offspring born as singles or twins. During 12-weeks of lactation, the milk controlling was provided in every 2-weeks. The milk from 3 hours secretion was obtained. The individual milk samples were analyzed due to the milk yield, chemical composition and somatic cell account. Moreover, at the same time of milking, the data concerning the body growth development of kids and lambs were collected. The results showed significant distinctness of Boer goats, Polish Heath Sheep and Zelaznienska sheep due to the all examined milking traits. The highest body weights till 84 day of life were observed in growing lambs of Zelaznienska sheep in contrary to Polish Heath Sheep lambs and Boer kids. The maternal abilities of does and ewes in case of the offspring rearing expressed the best results of daily gains at the late stage of lactation in Boer goats, then in Polish Heath Sheep and Zelaznienska sheep.
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