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Potential confounding factors in measurement of exhaled nitric oxide

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Nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air. Factors affecting the level of exhaled nitric oxide (exNO), except for smoking, are not well defined. In this study we seek to determine whether age, gender, body mass index (BMI), part of the day, or time after a meal could modulate exNO levels. exNO was examined by the use of a chemiluminescence method in 100 subjects - 31 women (19 nonsmokers and 12 smokers) and 69 males (55 nonsmokers and 14 smokers). Forty four subjects took medications due to stable coronary disease, 22 were after heart transplantation, and 34 did not take any drugs. We found that exNO levels did not differ either between the whole groups of women and men or between smokers and nonsmokers of either respective group (4.91 ±2.38 vs. 6.27 ±4.23 ppb; 3.21 ±1.16 vs. 3.71 ±1.55 ppb; 5.98 ±2.35 vs. 6.92 ±4.45 ppb). The correlation of exNO with age in the whole population was weak (r=0.23; P=0.02) and insignificant in the smoking and nonsmoking subgroups. Likewise, correlations of exNO with BMI, part of the day, or time after a meal were insignificant in whole population as well as the subgroups. We conclude that the aforementioned factors are not able to confound the measurement of exNO in the population studied.
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Human cytomegalovirus DNA level in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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The objectives of the study were to estimate human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA copy number in broncho-alveolar lavage cells, blood leukocytes, and serum of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The study groups consisted of 16 patients, newly diagnosed with IPF and never treated, (mean age 40.9 ±11.0 yr; F/M-7/9) and in 16 adult healthy volunteers (mean age 36.8 ±6.4 yr; F/M-4/12) used as controls. The HCMV DNA copy number was calculated by a Q-PCR method using TaqMan ABI PRISMTM7700. We found that the prevalence of the HCMV DNA positive subjects in the patient group (75%) did not differ significantly from that in the control group (69%). We also found that in both patient and control groups the mean HCMV DNA copy number in BAL cells was significantly higher than that in blood leukocytes (log10=2.7 vs. 1.2 for patients and 2.8 vs. 0.9 for controls, respectively). However, a higher HCMV DNA copy number in blood serum was observed in IPF patients than in controls (log10=3.2 vs. 2.0, respectively). We conclude that the lungs play an important role in the human pathobiology of cytomegalovirus sustenance.
Resistance to antituberculous agents is an important cause of ineffectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. The resistance of M. tuberculosis to antituberculous agents is a result of mutations in genes participating in those agent's action. The antituberculous drug - isoniazid can be activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis either through a hydroperoxidase I/II or a superoxide-dependent oxyferrous pathway. The present study analyzed the frequency of the mutations occurring in codons 315 and 463 in katG gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from Silesia, Poland. In this study 23 isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were analyzed. For RFLP analysis, a 620 bp amplified fragment of katG gene was digested with restriction endonuclease Mspl. Among 24 isoniazid-resistant strains, isolated from patients between 2000-2001, point mutations were found in 30% of analyzed isoniazid-resistant strains in codons 315 or 463 (7 strains). In contrast, no mutations in codons 315 and/or 463 katG gene were found in 16 strains (70%). Obtained results suggests that point mutations S315T (AGC—>ACC) and R463L in katG gene are infrequent in the analyzed population.
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