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The content of glycogen, glucose and trehalose was measured in larvae and adults of Cystidicola farionis, the parasite isolated from the swim bladder of Osmerus eperlanus from Vistula Lagoon. Activity of glycogen phosphorylase, α-amylase, glucoamylase. maltase, trehalase. And trehalose phosphorylase were measured. The highest activity was recorded for α-amylase 10,07 ± 0,97 mu/mg and 7,47 ± 0,24 mu/mg, next maltase 1,34 ± 0,63 μmol /mg and 2,06 ± 1,65 μmol/mg respectively for larvae and adults. The activity of glucoamylase was nearly the same for adults and larvae (about 0,20 μmol/mg). The trehalase activity was higher at adults (0,49 ± 0,42 μmol/mg) than at larvae (0,18 ± 0,12 μmol/mg). The activity of glycogen phosphorylase was much higher at larvae (3,58 ± 1,49 μmol/mg) than at adults parasite (0,10 ± 0,02 μmol/mg). The trehalose phosphorylase was present in both stages of parasite, but its activity was low. The content of glycogen and glucose was two-limes higher in the adults' body than in larvae.
The experimental studies were conducted on caterpillars of wax moth Galleria mellonella infected with Steinernema affinis larvae. The concentration of trehalose and the activity of trehal ase were measured during the invasion lasting 48h. The level of trehalose and activity of enzyme were slightly lower in infected insects in comparison to the control animals.
The influence of extracts from Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite of the honeybee Apis mellifera, on the proteinase activity of worker bee haemolymph was analysed in vitro, along with the influence of bee haemolymph on the proteolytic activity of V. destructor extract. The study was conducted in three different environments: pH 7.5 (high activity of bee enzymes and very low activity of parasite enzymes), pH 5 (moderate activity of enzymes from both sources) and pH 3.5 (limited activity of bee proteinases and high activity of mite proteinases). Based on electrophoretic studies, the inhibition of the activity of bee haemolymph proteinases by V. destructor extracts was observed at each pH. The study at pH 7.5 with commercial inhibitors of the 4 main classes of proteinases (pepstatin A, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), E-64 (trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)-butane), soybean trypsin inhibitor and Kunitz inhibitor) suggested that parasite extracts mainly inhibited serine proteinases and, to a lower degree, cysteine and aspartyl proteinases. At pH 3.5 and pH 5, a decrease of approximately 40% in parasite proteinase activity was also observed in the presence of bee haemolymph. The result points to the presence of aspartyl proteinase inhibitors in bee haemolymph, which may be an important defence element for bees during food intake by a mite. It was demonstrated that trypsin and trypsin inhibitors are active in the excretion/secretion products of V. destructor, the proteinases of which may assist the parasite in food suckling by preventing haemolymph coagulation, among other things.
Adult Ascaris suum were incubated at 37°C in Ringer solution for Ascaris (ARSb) and in ARSb with 0.2 % addition of glucose, maltose, trehalose, saccharose, starch and glycogen. Control worms were incubated in ARSb without natrium acetate (ARS0). The survival rate, motility and elasticity of each individual, changes of the body weight and glycogen contents in muscles were determined. The incubation in ARS0 was finished on the 7th day. The longest (11 days) lived the worms kept in the basic medium ARSb and ARSb with maltose. Regarding their influence on the survival rate of parasites, the rest sugars could be set in order as follows: glycogen and glucose (10 days), trehalose, saccharose and starch (9 days). In the media containing saccharose and starch worms showed reduced motility and elasticity. On the 7th day of incubation the glycogen level in muscles of control worms was reduced to 0.75% of its beginning concentration, whereas in muscles of Ascaris from media with glucose and trehalose over 50% and with maltose 43% of polysaccharide's reserves were preserved. A slight increase (10-15%) in average body weight of worms incubated with glucose, maltose and glycogen was observed, only in the control and medium with saccharose changes of worms' mass were significant, amounting to 30% and 80%, respectively.
The fatty acid (FA) profile of lipids extracted from the Varroa destructor parasitic mite and its host, drone prepupae of Apis mellifera, was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were generally similar in parasites and their hosts. Fatty acids were arranged in the following descending order based on their content: MUFAs (ca. 52–55%), SFAs (ca. 41%) and PUFAs (ca. 3%). The predominant fatty acids were oleic acid (46% in mites, 44% in prepupae) and palmitic acid (23% and 30%, respectively). Varroa parasites differed from their hosts in the quantity of individual FAs and in their FA profiles. Three PUFAs noted in the host were not observed in parasitic mites, whereas the presence of C21:0, C24:0 and C22:1 FAs was reported in mites, but not in drones.
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