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The aim of the research was to monitor the influence of neonatal thymectomy on the reactivity of chicken spleen structures. The investigations were carried out on chickens with the thymus removed on the 1st day after hatching and with antigen administered in the form of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) at the age of 12 weeks. On days 6, 14 and 21 after antigen administration the spleen was taken out and histological slides were prepared. On the established area of HE slides germinal centres were counted and mature centres of type I and immature ones of type II were distinguished. Reaction to the acid phosphatase (APh) was done by the Gomori method. The results of the reaction was read on the established area within the periarterial lymphatic tissue (PAL) using the Thomson point method. It was found that neonatal thymectomy leads to a decrease in the number of germinal centres and simultaneously to the reduction of the intensity of APh reaction within the spleen PAL. Following immunization of the thymectomized chickens, in comparison to the control (group) a change of kinetics of germinal centers formation was discovered, mainly of type I. It was ascertained that in the succeeding days after the antigen administration the intensity of APh reaction within PAL was directly proportional to the number of immature germinal centres of type II. The results demonstrated a distinct association between the bursodependent and thymodependent spleen structures reactivity and confirmed the importance of the functional state of the thymus.
Cytoenzymatic changes in phagocytes present in organs and tissues with signs of inflammation have been presented, as well as the ultrastructural picture of peritoneum in cats affected with feline infectious peritonitis. A significant increase of acid phosphatase, lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase and nonspecific alpha esterase in lysosomes of histiocytes, macrophages and neutrophils were discovered. Ultrastructural examinations revealed an increase of collagen fibres under the epithelium and a subsequent decrease of integrity and the detachment of mesenthelial cells that made the peritoneum less resistant to infection.
Background: The aim of the present study was assessing the possibility of experimental allogenic transplantation of cat cornea endothelial cells, multiplied in vitro, into the anterior chamber of the eyeball in recipient cats. The reason for undertaking the research is the need to develop a method that would help in the cornea treatment in animals with corneal opacification following cataract surgery, as well as lens dislocation, injuries and endothelium degeneration. Methods: Cats aged 10-12 months were used in the experiment. Cornea fragments consisting of the posterior limiting membrane and posterior epithelium were placed in Iscove;s medium with addition of 10% foetal calf serum. Multiplied in vitro cells were injected into the anterior chamber of recipient cats. The cornea was subject to histological, histometric and SEM examination on the 3rd, 7th, 20th and 30th day after the surgery. Results: Micromorphological examination of the cornea showed full restitution of its endothelium 30 days after transplantation. Complete regeneration of structures indispensable for normal functioning of the posterior epithelium occurred as a result of implantation. Conclusions: In this study the results show that implantation of the cells of posterior corneal epithelium of donor cats, multiplied into vitro and injected into the anterior chamber of recipient cats. The cornea regained its full function, the layer of the posterior epithelium was regenerated and the stroma stabilized, presenting the image of full and proper corneal translucency.
The research was carried out on a group of 119 foetuses aged from the 36th to 120th d of prenatal life. The "cross-section of population" method was used. The subjects were divided into six groups for statistical assessment. The development of the salivary glands was evaluated by using anatomo-topographical methods: skeletopy, synthopy, and holotopy. The structural characteristics of the vascularisation and innervations were examined by morphological, radiological, and histological methods. The development and morphology of the mandibular and sublingual glands was correlated with the development of the surrounding organs. The most intensive growth of salivary glands was observed in the 10th-11th week of prenatal life and was connected with the isometric phase. The histological structures of the glands changed according to the age of the foetus. The connective tissue of the glands diminished and the excretory parts increased during pregnancy. The position of the foetus in the uterus and its sex had no influence on morphology and the development of mandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Bisphosphonates are a unique class of drugs. As a family they are characterized pharmacologically by their ability to inhibit bone resorption, whereas, pharmacokinetically, they are classified by their similarity in absorption, distribution and elimination. Bisphosphonates have become the most important class of antiresorptive drugs, not only for the treatment of Paget’s disease, but also for other diseases that involve excessive osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, such as tumor-induced osteolysis and hypercalcemia as well as osteoporosis. Although all bisphosphonates have similar psychochemical properties, their antiresorbing activities differ substantially. The structure of the R2 side chain is the major determinant of antiresorptive potency, both phosphonate groups are also required for the drugs to be active. Activity is dramatically increased when the amino group is contained in the aliphatic carbon chain. They act by inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Despite this, the molecular mode of their action is still not clear. There is substantial evidence that BPs can have a direct effect on osteoclasts by mechanisms that may lead to osteoclast cell death by apoptosis. BPs can also inhibit proliferation and cause cell death in macrophages in vitro. It has been shown that the toxic effect of BPs on macrophages is also due to the induction of apoptotic, rather than necrotic, cell death. Bisphosphonates may inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption by several routes, although a direct effect on mature osteoclasts is the most likely. Bisphosphonates perturb cellular metabolism and induce osteoclast apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms by which these effects are brought about are only now becoming clear. The simple bisphosphonates that closely resemble pyrophosphonates (such as clodronate, etidronate and tiludronate) can be metabolically incorporated into non-hydrolysable analogues of ATP that accumulate intracellularly in osteoclasts, resulting in the induction of osteoclast apoptosis. The more potent, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting FPP synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signaling proteins. Loss of bone-resorptive activity and osteoclast apoptosis is primarily due to the loss of geranylgeranylated small GTPases.
The article describes the process of healing fractures in animals. It includes descriptions of mechanisms from the beginning of the process including inflammation, osteogenic induction and callus formation up to callus remodeling into the finished bone. It takes into the account the influence of osteosynthesis and medical modes of conduct in the healing process.
Morphological changes (histopathological and ultra- structural lesions) have been described in Peking ducks with a generalized amyloidosis ((3-fibrylosis). Long and thin fibers of amyloid of diameter of 8-12 nm and a length of 1510-1580 nm localized extracellulary formed parallel structures or felt-like structures. Biosynthesis of amyloid probably resulted due to disturbances in the immune system of the bird. This view is supported by charges in electropherograms of serum proteins of the ducks.
The study looked at various different authors’ opinions on the process of bone mineralization. Its aim was to induce the mineralization of decalcified bones in-vitro. The study used dog, sheep as well as human bones which were subjected to decalcification after a preliminary analysis of their composition of elements using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray probe. Following this, re-mineralization was attempted by submersion in a replete solution of calcium phosphate and free vaporization of the water in a temperature of 35°C. This resulted in attaining crystals which were not hydrocsyapatite on the bone’s surface. The study indicated that simple chemical phenomena cannot be the main factor causing bone mineralization.
The first case of spontaneous cracking of the thoracic and or abdominal arteries due to lathyrism (poisoning with crusted field beans) was described in Poland. The figures illustrate histopathological and structural changes in the wall of the vessels. It was found that the strafication between collagenic fibres and elastic ones as well as the presence of vitreous hyaline were the main cause of arteries cracking. Morphological lesions were accompanied by a decrease of Cu content in the liver of turkeys, which unfavourably influenced the synthesis of lipids, neutral triglycerides and LDL-C fraction linked with cholesterol, ie. compounds accumulated on the wall of the altered vessels.
Исследования SIA и AGID выполнили у 108 телят и телок нч-п породы от коров из стада, в котором процент инфекций BLV составлял свыше 80%. Животных разделили на 6 возрастных групп. В тесте AGID у всех 3—5-дневных и 7—14-дневных телят отметили положительные результаты (молозивные противотела). У 6—8-недельных телят противотела анти-BLV отметили у 40% животных, а у 5—6-месячньтх — 15.6%. Первые положительные результаты в тесте SIA отметили у 6—8-недельных телят (40%), затем в группе 5—6-месячных телят (34,4%), у 16—18-месячных телок (40,9%) и в группе 22—24-месячных телок (25%). У серологически положительных телят в тесте AGID, отрицательные результаты в тесе SIA получили у 20% 5—6-месячных животных, у 9,1% 16—18-месячных телок и 30% 22—24-месячных телок. С другой стороны, у серологически отрицательных животных наличие BLV обнаружили у 18,8% в группе 5—6-месячных телят, у 4,5% в группе 16—18-месячных телок и у 5% в группе 22—24-месячных телок. Кроме того, у избранных 6 5—6-месячных телят с положительным результатом теста SIA отметили наличие BLV в ультраструктурном исследовании.
Clinical, radiological, hematological, gross pathological and histopathological examinations were carried out on pigs at the age of 6-7 months with the symptoms of movement difficulties, loss of appetite and cachexy. The animals were bred on a farm where weak attrited piglets of a poor survival rate were born. Epiphysiolysis and disturbances in morphology of long bones, insignificant enlargement and structural changes of the thyroid gland, lowered content of Ca, P, Na T3 and T4 and increased activity of GPT and FA in blood sera have been found. The iodine deficiency by impairment of vit. D3 metabolism may lead to epiphysiolysis and other disorders in ossification.
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