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VvWRKY13 enhances ABA biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera

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Abscisic acid (ABA) plays critical roles in plant growth and development as well as in plants’ responses to abiotic stresses. We previously isolated VvWRKY13, a novel transcription factor, from Vitis vinifera (grapevine), and here we present evidence that VvWRKY13 may regulate ABA biosynthesis in plants. When VvWRKY13 was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis, the transgenic lines showed delayed seed germination, smaller stomatal aperture size, and several other phenotypic changes, indicating elevated ABA levels in these plants. Sequence analysis of several genes that are involved in grapevine ABA synthetic pathway identified WRKY-specific binding elements (W-box or W-like box) in the promoter regions. Indeed, transient overexpression of VvWRKY13 in grapevine leaves significantly increased the transcript levels of ABA synthetic pathway genes. Taken together, we conclude that VvWRKY13 may promote ABA production by activating genes in the ABA synthetic pathway.
We investigated substrate material and the effects of different fertilizers and water levels as variable factors for slope restoration. A field rainfall monitoring experiment was carried out to explore morphological changes in Amorpha fruticosa L., the water-holding capacity of its leaves under different water and nutrient gradients, and the nutrient losses from the substrate. The results showed that nutrient loss by runoff was significantly affected by fertilizer use and they increased with the increased application of fertilizers. The concentration of nitrogen in runoff was insignificant, the concentration of phosphorus was increased, and the runoff concentration of potassium was decreased after increasing water-retaining agent levels in the substrate. The concentration of nutrients in runoff from rainfall generally followed a trend of slight fluctuations, then a rise, and finally a decrease. The addition of F2 fertilizer produced the lowest nitrogen losses from substrate material and reduced the leaf area where the addition of phosphate fertilizer had a significant effect on crown diameter. At greater content of the water-retaining agent, the water in substrate material increased, resulting in increased water absorption by the plants and increased relative water content of leaves. Ultimately, W3F4 was the most favorable combination of water-retaining agent and fertilizer concentration for plant growth, which may be related to runoff losses. This combination provides optimal conditions under which the plant can maintain a perfect balance of nutrients and thus improve plant growth indices.
The fluid-solid interaction (FSI) dynamic responses for a Light Weight Pyramidal Sandwich Plate Structure (LWPSPS) under different water-entry velocities (1m/s-6m/s) are investigated numerically and theoretically. The characteristics of impact pressure and structure deformation are obtained by using LS-DYNA code based on the proposed 3D multi-physics (air-water-solid) FEM model. Numerical results show that the average water impact pressure of LWPSPS is much lower than that of the monolithic plate with same mass. Moreover, a phenomenon called “local air cushion” is observed for LWPSPS which does not exist for a monolithic plate. Theoretical hydroelasticity analysis demonstrates that the FSI effect of LWPSPS is weak when the ratio of water impact duration time to wet natural vibration period is greater than 4. In the study, an engineering estimation method to predict the maximum deformation of the LWPSPS is proposed, in which the total deformation is divided into two parts, i.e. local field deformation and global field deformation, and they are both computed using analytical model. Good agreement between the numerical results and ones obtained from the proposed engineering estimation method is achieved. Furthermore, the geometric variation sensitiveness analysis is also conducted
The economic losses caused by postharvest fruits diseases have attracted global attention. Traditional chemical fungicide could not meet the need of humans. In recent years, microbial agent which has begun to take the place of chemical fungicide comes into people’s vision. The aim of this paper was to investigate the potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BA3 for its biocontrol capability on gray mold decay of pears and its effect on postharvest quality of pears. Compared with other treatments, the inhibition effect on gray mold of washed cell suspension of B. amyloliquefaciens was the best. Consequently it was utilized in subsequent experiments. Spore germination and germ tube length of Botrytis cinerea was 18.72% and 12.85 μm treated with BA3, while the control group was 62.88% and 30.44 μm. We confirmed that increase of the concentration of B. amyloliquefaciens, improved the efficacy of BA3 in controlling gray mold decay of pears. Colonization variation of BA3 in wounds of pears was recorded. To begin with, the populations of B. amyloliquefaciens increased rapidly and remained stable. On the fourth day, there was a declining trend , after that the population increased to 4 × 10⁵ CFU/wound and remained stable. BA3 had no significant effect on mass loss, titratable acidity, firmness and total soluble solids of pears that were stored at 25°C for 7 days comparing with control group. However, the effect of B. amyloliquefaciens on ascorbic acid was significantly higher than that of the control group. Our study indicates that B. amyloliquefaciens has a potential as postharvest biocontrol agent on pears.
This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using floating beds of tall fescue plants (Festuca arundinacea) inoculated with denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating microorganisms (DPAOs). In the presences of DPAOs, tall fescue showed greater removal of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, total N (TN), and orthophosphate (ortho-P) after a 20-day treatment. The average removal rates were 86.32%, 93.60%, 90.12%, 72.09%, and 84.29%, respectively, for NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, TN, total P (TP), and ortho-P. Tall fescue plants grew well on the floating beds and the average growth rate was approximately 5.4 g DM m⁻²·d⁻¹. Tall fescue plants, being rich in crude potein, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn, can meet the daily feed requirements of livestock and poultry and were found safe to be used as animal feed.
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