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Background: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the number of steps a day and biological (body fat, lean body mass, BMI and estimated VO2 max) and psychological (self-efficacy, enjoyment of PA and self-perception of body image) factors in 16-18-year-old girls. Material/Methods: The study included data from 60 girls, aged 16-18. Voluntary participants were selected from a public high school in Poland. Number of steps was measured with a pedometer Yamax Digi-Walker, model SW 701, during 7 days. Girls were classified into three groups: low active, slightly active and active (5,000-7,499; 7,500-9,999; ≥ 10,000 steps/day, respectively). The levels of psychological factors were determined by means of a questionnaire survey. Estimated VO2 max was assessed by a 1-mile walk test. The percentage of body fat and lean body mass was evaluated using Bodystat 1,500, bio-impedance method. Results: Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences in the biological and psychological variables among low active, slightly active and active girls. Conclusions: Girls in the study performed approximately from 5,000 to 12,500 steps a day. To explain better relationships between daily step counts and psychological and biological variables future research should additionally involve girls with less than 5,000 steps a day and more than 12,500 steps a day.
Introduction. In modern sport, training individualization and detailed analysis of specific patterns of biochemical indices under certain exercises and training sessions is become more and more crucial. Aim of Study. This study aimed to concurrently evaluate the lactate and blood ammonia response during resistance training in four elite sprinters (two men and two women). Material and Methods. Blood samples were taken from the fingertip before and after the warm-up, after each exercise (power cleans, squat jumps, quarter squats and lunges), and at the 10th and 20th min of the cool-down. Results. In male athletes, maximum lactate concentrations were achieved after the power clean exercise, while peak blood ammonia concentrations after squat jumps. In female athletes, peak blood ammonia and lactate concentrations were noted more individually. The course of changes in lactate concentrations was very diverse in each athlete. The ammonia concentration in response to the performed exercises was much more consistent, however still different between individual athletes. Conclusions. A practical analysis of the metabolic response to different exercises in a resistance training session, using lactate and ammonia concentrations, offers vital information that can help coaches better understand internal training load experienced by the athlete and to better adjust the prescribed loads and rest periods to the training targets in future training sessions.
Introduction. The analysis of both athletic performance and individual response to exercise helps control the training process. In order to fulfill these needs, various blood biomarkers, along with physiological and biomechanical parameters are tested using modern technology. Aim of Study. The aim of this study was to evaluate athletes’ response to the performed speedendurance training session during the pre-competition phase. Material and Methods. The study sample comprised male sprinters competing in the 100 m, 200 and 4 × 100 m events at the national and international level. During training, blood samples were taken, which were analyzed regarding ammonia and lactate concentrations. Kinematic parameters were analyzed using the Catapult OptimEye S5 system. Results. In all athletes, maximum blood ammonia (176-181 µmol/l) and lactate concentrations (18.0-20.3 mmol/l) were observed three minutes after the last run during the main part of the training session. At the 30th minute of cool down, blood ammonia concentration was similar to the level before warm up, and lactate concentration was still increased. During the main part of the session, sprinters achieved maximum velocity 10.3-10.4 m/s. Conclusions. In highly-trained sprinters, a speed endurance training session causes a strong and prolonged exercise response, manifested by extremely high blood ammonia and lactate concentration as well as maximal heart rate. Kinematic indices help to individually optimize athletes’ exercise loads.
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