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Adolf Beck lived in years 1863–1942. He graduated from the Jagiellonian University and was an outstanding physiologist, pupil and the closest collaborator of Prof. Napoleon Cybulski. In 1890 he became a PhD in medical sciences. His research was devoted to the physiology of the central nervous system and opened the fundamentals of electrophysiology and in consequence, to electroencephalography. Cybulski’s and Beck’s studies had a pioneering character and they were the fi rst to discover electric activity of the brain and changes of this activity in response to various stimuli. The fi rst Beck paper was published in German (1890) and produced response from English researchers who claimed the primacy of Richard Caton (1875). However, the Caton studies differed from Beck’s experiments and were not known to him before. Beck’s didactic and academic work has to be underlined when presenting his profi le. At 32, as Associate Professor, he became chair of Physiology Department at Medical Faculty of the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv and three years later he was promoted to Full Professor. He worked as dean of Medical Faculty and later as chancellor. He was the author and co-author of many manuals and original scientifi c papers. His book entitled “Physiology of the Central Nervous System”, published in 1913, meets all the requirements of a modern manual for neurophysiology. He published a manual entitled “Human Physiology”, fi rst in 1915 together with Napoleon Cybulski and then, in 1922, by himself.
Joseph Jules François Félix Babiński was a son of emigrants from Poland. He was born in Paris where he also went to school and studied medicine. He graduated with honours in 1879. He made his training as an apprentice of Cornil, Vulpian and Buequoy. When he was assistant to Jean-Martin Charcot, he chose his specialization in internal medicine and neurology, soon achieving mastery in these subjects. In 1890 he was appointed head of the Pitié Hospital and worked there till the end of his life. He wrote over 300 papers on physiology of the nervous system and neuropathology. Babiński is the author of organic semiology of hemiplegia and paraplegia, which helps to differentiate them from functional and hysterical paralysis. He discovered most of the pyramidal symptoms. In his studies on defense refl ex he defi ned its relationship with injuries to the pyramidal tract, named the “Babiński Sign”, a test known also as Babiński refl ex, introduced to neurology and widely used to assess upper motor neuron disease. Symptomatology of cerebellar diseases helped to differentiate cerebellar disorders from atrial disorders, enabling to determine such symptoms as: hypermetria, asynergy, adiadochokinesis, tremor, catalepsy. Babiński is to be remembered as a pioneer of neurosurgery in France. He was an extremely modest person of great intuition and of analytical and synthetic mind. He was an extraordinary researcher and clinician. He died on 29.10.1932 and was buried in Montmorency cemetery near Paris.
The aim of the research was to determine the number of teeth, their arrangement in the lower and upper dental arches and the manner of teeth placement in dental alveoli of alveolar processes respective for facial bones in brachycephalic dogs. Investigations were conducted on 45 adult dogs of various age and both sexes. Morphotype qualification was based on skull index ZyZy × 100/AP. The pattern of canine permanent dentition that is most common and widely approved as correct was described as 3142/3143. The total number of permanent teeth amounts to 42. Only in one (2.22%) out of 45 observed dogs a complete dentition in both dental arches was present, as in the formula above. Full dentition in the lower dental arch - was observed only in 6.67% of studied specimen and in the upper dental arch in 42.22% of dogs. The accepted number of permanent cheek teeth in dogs is 6 in the upper dental arch and 7 in the lower dental arch. The studies performed show that in brachycephalic specimen the reduction of these teeth and rotation related to alveolar processes are common. Own observations suggest that the following 3132/3132 should be recognized as a correct formula of permanent teeth in this morphotype.
The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the Transverse atlantal ligament in dogs with a focus on the features that have not been described yet. The research examined cadavers of 20 adult male and female dogs of different breeds, three morphotypes, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The Transverse atlantal ligament was shown by removing the Dorsal arch of the Atlas. The length (DWP), width (SWP) and thickness (GWP) of the ligament were measured. The linear correlation function with the body mass (mc) and the cranial index and the coefficient of determination R² were determined. Histological specimens from 10 Transverse atlantal ligaments were marked. The results of the research indicated that the length, width and thickness of the described ligament is positively correlated with the body mass in a dog. The histologic studies showed that the Transverse atlantal ligament is fibrocartilagenous on the whole. This fact should be taken into consideration in all affections connected with the cartilage destruction. The role of the fibrocartilage and their types in the ligament have also been discussed.
The aim of the study was to describe the shape of the articular facets of the axis in dogs of three morphotypes and different body weights. The facet joints contribute significantly to the stability of the cervical spine, predominantly by providing axial rotational stability at C₂ and C₃. The research involved the examination of cadavers of 30 adult male and female dogs of three morphotypes and body weights from 2.22 to 72 kg. The craniocervical junction elements, especially the second cervical vertebra (axis), were isolated by standard anatomical preparation. The maximal articular surface width ASW, the maximal articular surface length - ASL and the inclination of the articular surface - h were measured. The articular surface length-to-width index was calculated. The linear correlation function for K and h with body mass and the cranial index and the coefficient of determination R² were determined. The atlantoaxial dorsal ligament was put to the microscopic test. Index K ranged from 0.71 to 1.90. In small breeds, more longitudal oval-shaped facets were observed. Circular facets and more transversely oval-shaped facets were found in medium and large breeds. The large breeds have a preventive mechanism against greater mobility in C₂-C₃. Their atlantoaxiale dorsale ligament is fibrocartilagineus. These dogs are consequently less exposed to damages of the intervertebral disc and medulla spinalis.
The aim of this study was to elaborate criteria defining the morphotype and to perform a morphological and morphometric analysis of the squamous part of the occipital bone and of the foramen magnum in the European cat. The study material comprised 50 corpses of European cats of both sexes and of bodyweight from 1.35 to 7.7 kg, aged from 1 year to 17 years. The study material underwent detailed preparation and morphometries of the skull, squamous part of the occipital bone and the foramen magnum were performed. The skull index (IC) data obtained indicate that the European cat represents a mesaticephalic morphotype. In the morphometrical analysis of the foramen magnum the following were included: the foramen magnum index (IFM), the occipital index (IOF), and the index of the squamous part of the occipital bone (ISO). In the morphology of the squamous part of the occipital bone two categories were distinguished: the first was characterized by a form close to an isosceles triangle with its base directed to the bottom. In none of the specimens studied was a dorsal notch in the form of a "keyhole" observed, nor was there any other deformation in the foramen magnum, which takes the form of a slightly crosswise elongated regular oval. The results of this study indicate that in the European cat the foramen magnum is free from any pathology and its shape, in the individual development, is conservative.
The main aim of the research is to evaluate the applicability of craniometric methods to living animals as well as to define the range of values derived from measuring the heads of brachycephalic types of dogs and their calculated indices. Investigations were conducted on 78 dogs, both male and female, of different age, that belonged to six different breeds: Pekingese, Small Brabant, Griffon Bruxellois, French Bulldog, Pug and English Bulldog (tab.1). A zoometric divider was used to carry out the measurements. On the basis of methods used in craniometry proper, points were established on the heads of the living dogs. Among the craniometric measures were: skull length (AP); cranial length (NA); viscerocranial length (NP) and maximum zygomatic width (ZyZy). The following indices: skull index, length-length index-2, facial index and length-width index-2 were calculated on the basis of the obtained data. The skull index was treated as a basis for evaluating the morphotype while the other indices served as additional tools. The results confirm that the measurements carried out on living animals are adequate to their equivalents in craniometry. The skull index for brachycephalic dogs was calculated and was found to be between 80-100.
The development of techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of circulatory system pathologies requires detailed knowledge of coronary arteries. Blood supply to the heart is provided by the left coronary artery (a. coronaria sinistra) and the right coronary artery (a. coronaria dextra). The conventional anatomical nomenclature takes into consideration only the names of the main trunks. The nomenclature of the branches has not been unified, which leads to considerable difficulties in comparative analysis. The aim of the study was to determine the most frequent pattern of vascularization of the dog’s heart. Considering the clinical importance of coronary arteries and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
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