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The source material of the studies carried out at The Research Institute of Vegetable Crops were the results of three-year observations on plots’ infestation. The experiments were conducted in Skierniewice in carrot and onion grown in monoculture and in leek and celeriac cultivated with three methods: with cover crops residues cut and incorporated 10–12 cm deep with the soil; in mulch with desiccated cover crops residues cut and left on the soil surface and without cover crops. On the base of obtained results the species composition of weed communities and the abundance of individual species were determined and the assessment of biodiversity using diversity indexes: the Simpson’s dominance index (D), the Shannon-Wiener’s (H’) and Simpson’s (C) diversity index was evaluated. It was proved that crop species and cultivation system affected the diversity of weeds species composition.
The studies conducted in 2010–2011 at The Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice were aimed at comparing the effectiveness of different weed management methods in outdoor grown pepper. The following methods were compared: application of herbicide, a combination of herbicide with mechanical treatment, mechanical treatments, the usage of mulches (polypropylene, woven and biodegradable films) and hand weeding. Weed control effect, the number and biomass of weeds, secondary weed infestation, plant height and the yield of pepper were determined during the experiments. The ecophysiological indexes such as relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content in the leaves were also calculated. The best results of weed controlling were achieved in pepper weeded by hand and grown in the soil mulched with polypropylene and woven films. The highest yield of fruits was obtained from pepper weeded by hand, treated with herbicide and mulched with woven foil, while the lowest yield was obtained from plants mulched with biodegradable foil. At the beginning of growing season the chlorophyll content in the leaves was not changed in pepper treated with herbicide and hand weeded but its decrease was recorded in pepper grown in mulches. The relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence was the highest in hand weeded pepper at the whole growing season.
Experiments were carried out in 2005–2007 in the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops at Skierniewice to evaluate the effectiveness of weed control by using metribuzin applied with microrates method. Metribuzin applied in 4–6 treatments at the doses of 36 g/ha after emergences of carrot was effective in weed control. Application of this herbicide at very low doses allowed to reduce the amount of herbicide by aproximately 25–50%. Metribuzin was caused phytotoxicity symptoms on carrot plants but no permanent damages to the crop was stated. The yield of carrot roots increased after applying metribuzin with micro-rate method. Highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.998) showed that with increasing of weed control, the higher yield of carrot roots was obtained.
Field experiments were carried out in 2010–2012 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. The aim of this studies was to determine the response of drilled onion and weeds to herbicides combined with mechanical treatments, in comparison to the usages of herbicides and the impact of weed management methods on the weed infestation and the yield of onion. During the experiments the following herbicides were used: pendimethalin applied after sowing of onion or after emergences in mixture with bromoxynil, glyphosate pre-emergence and bromoxynil and oxyfluorofen post-emergence. Mechanical treatments were conducted at 2–4 and 3–5 leaves stage of onion. Studies shown that weed control depended on herbicides and their rates. Mechanical treatments performed after herbicides application caused strong reduction of infestation and advantageously influenced on the yield of onion. The highest yields were obtained from plots with regular hand weeded and after chemical weed control including the use of pendimethalin after sowing, glyphosate pre-emergence and bromoxynil post-emergence, with the split application method.
The studies were conducted in 2010–2011 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of separate and combined application of biostimulants Asahi SL and AlfaMax, adjuvants Olbras 88 EC and Protector on efficacy of metribuzin and linuron and the growth and yield of carrot. Herbicides were used with split-application method. First treatment with metribuzin and linuron was applied at 1 leaf stage of carrot, the second treatment of linuron was performed 10–14 days after the first one, and metribuzin was applied at 2–3 leaves stage of carrot. Asahi SL, AlfaMax, Olbras 88 EC and Protector were applied in mixture with herbicides or separate – 1 day before or 1 day after herbicide treatment. The weed control, number and biomass of weeds, phytotoxicity of tested herbicides and the yield of carrot roots were determined during the experiments. Better weed control was achieved with metribuzin than linuron and the addition of biostimulants and adjuvants did not affect its effectiveness. The addition of adjuvants increased the efficacy of linuron. Applied substances did not increase the phytotoxicity of herbicides to carrot plants. The highest yield was obtained by using a mixture of metribuzin with Asahi SL and Protector at 1 day before metribuzin application.
The studies were conducted in 2010–2012 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. The aim of the research was to determine the yield of celeriac, its storage ability and nutritional value, depending on weed management methods. In the field experiments the following methods were compared: the use of herbicides, herbicide + mechanical treatment, mechanical treatments, soil mulching with polypropylene and biodegradable foil, soil mulching with polypropylene + biostymulant AlgaminoPlant and hand weeding. After harvest celeriac roots were stored at the temperature 0°C for 213–216 days and after storage were sorted out into the following groups: healthy roots without symptoms of re-growing, healthy roots with symptoms of re-growing, roots with diseases and rotting symptoms. The natural weigh loss was also determined. Chemical analyses were performed after harvest and storage period. These analyses consisted of evaluation of dry matter, ascorbic acid, total sugars and soluble phenols content. The highest yield after the storage period was obtained from plants treated with linuron and additionally mechanically weeded and the lowest from not weeded. After the storage the lower contents of dry matter, in comparison to stored celeriac, were determined. Ascorbic acid contents in celeriac grown in biodegradable foil and weeded by hand was higher than in other methods. The contents of soluble phenols after storage was higher than after harvest, except celeriac treated with flurochloridone.
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