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Sporulation of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - equivalent to gametogenesis in higher organisms, is a complex differentiation program induced by starvation of cells for nitrogen and carbon. Such environmental conditions activate coordinated, sequential changes in gene expression leading to production of haploid, stress-resistant spores. Sporulation comprises two rounds of meiosis coupled with spore morphogenesis and is tightly controlled to ensure viable progeny. This review concerns the regulation of differentiation process by nutritional and transcriptional signals.
The Krr1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in processing of pre-rRNA and assembly of pre-ribosomal 40S subunits. To further investigate the function of Krr1p we constructed a conditional cold sensitive mutant krrl-21, and isolated seven genes from Schizosaccharomyces pombe whose products suppressed the cold sensitive phenotype of krrl-21 cells. Among the multicopy suppressors we found genes coding for translation elongation factor EF-1a, a putative ribose methyltransferase and five genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Using the tandem af­finity purification (TAP) method we identified thirteen S. cerevisiae ribosomal pro­teins interacting with Krr1p. Taken together, these results indicate that Krr1p inter­acts functionally as well as physically with ribosomal proteins. Northern blot analy­sis revealed that changes in the level of krrl-21 mRNA were accompanied by similar changes in the level of mRNAs of genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Thus, Krr1p and the genes encoding ribosomal proteins it interacts with seem to be coordinately regulated at the level of transcription.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologues of phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator (PTPA) are encoded by RRD1 and RRD2, genes whose combined deletion is synthetic lethal. Previously we have shown that the lethality of rrd 1,2Δ can be suppressed by in­creasing the osmolarity of the medium. Here we show that the lethality of rrd1,2Δ is also suppressed under oxygen-limited conditions. The absence of respiration perse is not responsible for the suppression since elimination of the mitochondrial genome or a block in heme biosynthesis fail to rescue the rrd1,2Δ double mutation.
A chemically synthesized gene coding for the serine proteinase inhibitor CPTI II was cloned in E. coli and its expression was investigated in cytoplasmic and secretion systems. Under all conditions investigated the biologically active form of the inhibitor was found only in the latter system, although the yield was rather low.
Efficient synthesis of two small eukaryotic polypeptides of human and plant origin was carried out using a novel expression/secretion yeast vector, pYET. The yield was optimized in respect of the yeast strain, expression cassette construction, promoter regulation and culture conditions. Both cloned genes code for biotechnologically important proteins: human epidermal growth factor and a serine proteinase inhibitor from Cucurbitacea.
Expression of the gene coding for the recombinant trypsin inhibitor, CPTI II, was enhanced tenfold when yeast transcription terminating sequences were added to the expression cassette of the pJK6 yeast vector. The yield was further increased about 20% in the BJ5464 yeast strain, defective in vacuolar proteases.
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