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The use of anther culture to produce haploid plants is a useful breeding technique for Anthurium, but has only seen limited applications thus far. This review describes the advances achieved thus far, and provides practical tips and protocols that would allow researchers new to the field, or already experienced Anthurium tissue culture scientists, to establish a new field of research, or a novel way to derive haploid plants for breeding programs. Anther culture can result in considerable somaclonal variation, but this has translated into a novel way of inducing new color variants of the spathe, the most marketable part of this ornamental plant. Considering this variability in vitro, anther culture is most likely not the most suitable method for clonal propagation of important germplasm, but is certainly a viable method to induce new genetically stable leaf and flower color variants.
Epimedium is well-known in China and East Asia due to high content of flavonoid derivatives, including icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, and epimedin C, hereafter designated as bioactive components, which have been extensively utilized to cure many diseases. So far, the molecular mechanism of the bioactive components biosynthesis remains unclear. In the present study, the effect of light stress (24 h illumination) on the accumulation of bioactive components and the expression of flavonoid genes in Epimedium was investigated. Under light stress, the structural genes CHS1, CHI1, F3H, FLS, DFR1, DFR2, and ANS were remarkably up-regulated while CHS2 and F3′H were significantly down-regulated. For transcription factors, the expression of Epimedium MYB7 and TT8 were increased while Epimedium GL3, MYBF, and TTG1 expression were depressed. Additionally, the content of bioactive components was significantly decreased under light stress. Our results suggested that the decrease of bioactive compounds may be attributed to transcripts of late genes (DFRs and ANS) increased to a higher level than that of early genes (FLS and CHS1).
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