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Chronic superficial keratitis (keratitis superficialis chronica) is a common, and potentially blinding, ocular disease in dogs. The illness proceeds with symptoms of in-growing blood vessels, infiltration of the fibrovascular tissue and corneal pigmentation which appears in the lower quadrants of the cornea. It is thought to be an immunological based illness but the exact reason for chronic superficial keratitis is still unknown. The main environmental factor, which is of great importance in the aetiology of the illness, is known to be UV radiation. Corticosteroids applied in the form of eye drops or ointments are basic drugs used for the initial therapy. Cyclosporine is of great importance in chronic superficial keratitis therapy. The therapeutic ability of pimecrolimus and 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has recently been tested. In severe cases treatment consists of performing superficial keratectomy, cryosurgery or β irradiation. Patients suffering from this disease are ill for their entire lives and, despite the disappearance of clinical symptoms, there is often an indication that the illness progresses.
The objective of this study was to assess the treatment of chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) in dogs with the use of tacrolimus and DMSO. The study was conducted on 16 dogs - 7 males and 9 females, aged 3 to 11 years, diagnosed with CSK. The disease was treated with ophthalmic drops containing 0.02% tacrolimus and 50% DMSO, administered to the ocular surface three times a day. Prior to the treatment and after 5 weeks of therapy, the corneal neovascularisation, pigmentation, and also the redness and depigmentation of the third eyelid margin were assessed. The percentage of the corneal surface afflicted with inflammatory processes was calculated on the basis of photographs taken with the use of IsoCalc.com’s Get Area software for Corel DRAW 12. It was found that the application of tacrolimus and DMSO caused a reduction of inflammatory process and neovascularisation in the cornea. The mean corneal surface afflicted with inflammatory processes was statistically significantly reduced from 69.9% to 43.9% (p ≤ 0.01) - in case of the right corneas, and from 58.9% to 38.6% in case of the left corneas. Of 32 corneas diagnosed with the pigmentation, the reduction of the pigmentation was observed in 14, while in 16 the pigmentation increased. The treatment of CSK with the use of tacrolimus and DMSO causes the reduction in terms of inflammatory processes and neovascularisation, but in many cases does not inhibit the progress of the pigmentation.
Przewlekłe powierzchowne zapalenie rogówki (PPZR) - keratitis superficialis chronica jest jedną z najgroźniejszych chorób narządu wzroku psów. Choroba przebiega z objawami nacieku włóknisto-naczyniowej tkanki, wrastania naczyń krwionośnych i pigmentacji, które pojawiają się w dolnych kwadrantach rogówki. Jest to choroba o podłożu immunologicznym ale dokładny czynnik etiologiczny pozostaje nieustalony. Głównym czynnikiem środowiskowym o dużym znaczeniu w etiologii jest promieniowanie ultrafioletowe. Podstawowymi lekami w terapii początkowej są kortykosteroidy stosowane w postaci kropli lub maści okulistycznych. Duże znaczenie w terapii przewlekłego powierzchownego zapalenia rogówki odgrywa cyklosporyna. W ostatnim okresie podjęto próby zastosowania do leczenia dwumetylosulfotlenku (DMSO) i pimakrolimusu. W przypadkach zawansowanych objawów chorobowych niezbędne jest leczenie operacyjne z zastosowaniem keratektomii powierzchownej, naświetlanie promieniami ß lub krichirurgi rogówki. Na przewlekłe powierzchowne zapalenie rogówki pacjenci chorują do końca życia i pomimo zaniku objawów klinicznych w wyniku leczenia, u wielu z nich następuje progresja choroby.
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The paper discusses a case of an unusually located eyelid dermoid diagnosed in a 4-month-old, female Cane Corso dog. The observed dermoid was black and brown, located in the eyelid conjunctiva of the left lower lid, covered with keratinising epithelium, and only visible once the eyelid was pulled back. The altered conjunctival surface displayed short, thin hairs. At the 1/3 of the central and side conjunctival border, two hairs were found which suggested additional eyelash growth – on examination, the black hair proved to be a distichiasis, while the other, beige, was a hair growing out of the dermoid. The eyelid border over the evaginated area was thinner, which could only be determined once the eyelid was pulled back. The dermoid was surgically removed along with a fragment of the eyelid. Histopathological examinations revealed the presence of regular skin structures. The surface layer comprised stratified epithelium indicative of slight hyperkeratosis. The dermis displayed numerous follicles in various stages of development, accompanied by sebaceous and sweat glands. On the basis of the location and histopathological analysis, the lesion was classified as a dermoid.
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of 0.02% tacrolimus ophthalmic drops application for chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) treatment in dogs. The studies included 14 German Shepherd dogs - eight males and six females, aged 2-10 years affected with CSK. The drops were administered to the ocular surface three times a day. Prior to the treatment onset, and after the 5 week medical therapy, an estimation of a conjunctiva redness, ocular discharge, depigmentation of the third eyelid, and blood vessel ingrowth in each corneal quadrant and corneal pigmentation was conducted. The photo images with calibrated grid enabled to calculate the percentage of corneal area surface affected by inflammatory process. Tacrolimus did not exert any irritant effects throughout the treatment. The therapy has led to the decrease in corneal inflammatory infiltrate and blood vessel ingrowth in all the patients. Median corneal area surface affected by the condition showed a statistically significant decrease from 46% to 27% (P<0.01) in case of the left corneas and from 58% to 33% for the right ones. Out of 27 corneas affected by pigmentation, 13 corneas in eight patients exhibited decreased pigmentation. The increased pigmentation was observed on eight corneas in five patients. The studies proved that 0.02% ophthalmic drops of tacrolimus have been effective topically in CSK therapy. A treatment response was observed by reduced granulation tissue and corneal neovascularisation, still in some cases tacrolimus failed to inhibit the pigmentation formation.
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