Progress in stock farming has incontestably been related to the development of reproduction biotechnology, especially the introduction of artificial insemination (AI). In the female genital tract there are natural barriers decreasing the number of spermatozoa after insemination. Moreover, many pathologies of the uterus and oviducts can negatively affect the sperm. A great deal of research has been devoted to determining the optimal site for semen deposition, but the findings have frequently been diverse. The aim of this paper was to describe advanced insemination techniques in dairy cattle, which may improve AI. The paper discusses intraperitoneal insemination (IPI) and intrafollicular insemination (IFI). IPI consists in semen deposition in the peritoneal cavity in two ways: by a transvaginal or trancutaneus (in the right flank) injection. It has been successfully performed in many species: cows, sheep, goats, rabbits, guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys and humans. The result of this method is highly dependent on the number of spermatozoa, precise oestrus detection and the site of sperm deposition. IFI is performed by a direct introduction of semen into the preovulatory ovarian follicle. So far, only one study has been carried out on dairy cattle. The results were promising, but further research is needed. Presumably both techniques will be useful in the treatment of some cases of bovine infertility.
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