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The influence of silver nanoparticles on calli cells of stress tolerant—Parabola and stress sensitive—Raweta wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied. Three types of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were tested: cystamine-stabilized (positively charged), unmodified, synthesized using sodium borohydride and citrate-stabilized AgNPs, both negatively charged. Physico-chemical properties of silver nanoparticles were investigated by: UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering used for electrophoretic mobility and hydrodynamic diameter determination and transmission electron microscopy. The evaluation of cytotoxicity was estimated basing on lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity. For sensitive variety every type of nanoparticles induced stress (proline increase) in cells, but positively charged nanoparticles were most cytotoxic. Treatment of stress tolerant Parabola by AgNPs caused the increase in SOD activity, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative stress in cells, confirmed by the increase of membrane lipid peroxidation. Negatively charged AgNPs were significantly more cytotoxic to the calli cells of sensitive variety in comparison to tolerant one.
Taking into account the growing number of reports which confirm the medicinal effects of preparations of plant origin, the paper analyzed the biochemical composition of extracts obtained from mistletoe parasitizing on fir and extracts from fir, pine and yew trees was analyzed. The mistletoe samples were collected in winter, spring, summer and autumn. Mistletoe’s extract is a source of viscotoxines – substances used in a treatment of heart diseases. Yew is also used as a plant which tissues contain substances of high therapeutic value. Extracts obtained from tissues of this plant are used for cancer treatment. The content of protein, soluble sugars and proline were determined in all samples. The biological activity of mistletoe may be connected with high concentrations of almost all investigated metabolites. The level of these compounds were higher than that of extracts from trees. An increased level of proline and malondialdehyde in the tissues of spring mistletoe is probably related to summary effect of environmental stresses in this season (temperature, insolation intensity and duration). Among polyamines, the highest concentration of spermidine in extracts from mistletoe and of spermine in extracts from trees may be a sign of specific metabolism pathway in investigated plants. Among extracts from trees tissues, fir was the richest in studied bioactive substances. The less amounts of all analyzed substances were found in tissues of pine.
Imbalance between the intensity of oxidative processes (that induce the formation of reactive oxygen species) and counteracting antioxidant system is called oxidative stress. Most of the pathological changes in living organisms is associated with the processes of carcinogenesis induced by free radicals. State of equilibrium is maintained due to the presence of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) and other biologically active substances such as glutathione, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene. These compounds enable the removal of reactive oxygen species in cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative activity of mistletoe extracts and their potential hosts: fir and pine, and yew trees, which also have therapeutic properties. The results of performed analysis of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) lead to the conclusion that their activity in the tissues of mistletoe is much lower than in the tissues of fir, pine and yew. It was found, however, a much higher content of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, glutathione or beta- carotene in the tissues of mistletoe compared to other plants analyzed. Thus, extracts from mistletoe are a rich source of antioxidants easily assimilated to organisms receiving them.
Polyamines are widely involved in biological processes in plants including growth and development, as well as in the response to stress. However, the interpretation of polyamine participations in the induction of flowering of winter plants, and, hence, the possibility of their exogenous application to accelerate flowering, is ambiguous. Winter plants require prolonged exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) to induce the generative development, thus the changes in the levels of these substances may also result in low-temperature-stress symptoms. The aim of this work was to check, whether the increase of polyamines is actually connected with flowering of winter rape plants (cv. Górczański). To exclude the vernalization effect, vegetative apexes of winter rape were grafted onto generative plants. The content of polyamines: putrescine, spermidine and spermine was measured, using high- performance liquid chromatography, in the apical parts and the youngest leaves of grafted apexes during 1-4 weeks after grafting. For comparison of the changes in the levels of polyamines occurring during vernalization, apexes and the youngest leaves were collected from winter rape after 1-8 weeks of culture at 5°/2° C. In apexes, content of all polyamines increased at 2 week (putrescine) or 2-3 weeks (spermine and spermidine) and in the period of 5-8 weeks of vernalization. For putrescine, the maximum increase was detected during at the 6th week and for spermidine and spermine during the 7th week of cold treatment, i.e when approximately 60-90% of plants were in the generative phase. In leaves, the changes of polyamines composition occurred almost during the same periods as in the apexes. Confirmation of the involvement of polyamines to flowering induction was the increase of these substances observed during generative development of grafted non-vernalized apexes. The registered increase of polyamines concentrations in the first weeks after veranlization (2-3 weeks) was probably connected with the cold-stress response of rape plants.
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