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The cDNA clones coding for two pathogenesis-related protein homologues of PR10 class, LlPR10.lA and LlPR10.1B, were identified in yellow lupin expres­sion library of uninfected roots. The contribution of PR10 proteins to the overall mechanism of plant defence still remains unknown. In order to elucidate the structure and function of lupin PR10.1A protein, a substantial quantity of the protein was produced in an E. coli expression system using plasmids of pET-se- ries: pET-3a and pET-15b, carrying the T7 promoter. Both plasmids with sub- cloned LlprlO.la gene were overexpressed in E. coli, strain BL21(DE3)pLysS. The recombinant L/PR10.1A protein, overproduced in bacterial cells trans­formed with the pET-3a/LlprlO.la plasmid, was purified to homogeneity from the insoluble "inclusion bodies" by ammonium sulphate fractionation and two sequential chromatographic steps: ion-exchange chromatography on DE 52 cellulose followed by size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 75 FPLC column. The (His)e LlPR10.lA protein overproducted in E. coli cells harbour­ing the pET-15b/LlprlO.la plasmid was purified by chromatography on Ni2+- charged His.Bind Resin. Western blot analysis with rabbit serum containing anti-£/PR10.1AN antibody revealed identical immunochemical properties of the two recombinant polypeptides and native LIPR10.1A protein. The recombinant protein produced in pET-3a plasmid was renatured from its insoluble form, concentrated up to 22 mg/ml and submitted to crystallisation. However, the LIPR10.1A protein expressed in pET-15b plasmid precipitated from the solution when at a higher concentration (10 mg/ml). This preparation was used at a lower concentration as an antigen for the preparation of polyclonal antibodies for immunochemical studies.
 PR-10 proteins (pathogensis-related), ubiquitous within the plant kingdom, are usually encoded by multigene families. To date we have identified 10 homologous pr-10 genes in a yellow lupine cDNA library. Here, the structure and expression of two newly identified yellow lupine pr-10 genes (LlYpr10-2b and LlYpr10-2f) are presented. Many potential regulatory sites were found in both gene promoters including common ones as well as those unique for each gene. However, promoter deletion analysis in transgenic tobacco plants revealed similar patterns of reporter gene (gus) expression. Shortened fragments of both gene promoters studied caused high GUS activity in leaves (along vascular bundles), stamen stigma, anthers and pollen grains. When conjugated with longer LlYpr-10.2 promoter fragments, GUS was additionally present in petal edges. Only a long fragment of the LlYpr10-2b gene promoter caused GUS expression in the stem. In yellow lupine the pr-10.2 genes are present in all studied organs, but their level of expression depends on the stage of development and is affected by wounding, oxidative stress and salicylic acid treatment. Silencing of the Llpr-10.2b gene in 4-week-old yellow lupine plants did not lead to any visible symptoms, which suggests that the function of the silenced gene is supplemented by its close homologues, still present in the studied plants.
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