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The study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants (Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium, and Urtica dioica) containing allelopathic compounds on seed germination in lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and herbicide-resistant windgrass (Apera spica-venti). A Petri-dish experiment was carried out, in which the effects of five concentrations of aqueous extracts on the germination of weeds were assessed for 10 consecutive days. It was found that the dynamics of seed germination are closely related to the type and concentration of aqueous extract of medicinal plants. The 8% U. dioica aqueous extract posed the strongest inhibitory effect, limiting the germination of both lambsquarters and windgrass. Additionally, weed germination was delayed by 12–72 h in the presence of extracts, compared with the control. Summing up, the aqueous extracts of medicinal plants, especially their higher concentrations, pose a desirable inhibiting effect against the germination of lambsquarters and herbicideresistant windgrass seeds.
The paper gives a historical overview of mead making around the world and briefly summarizes legal aspects of making alcoholic beverages from honey in Poland. Moreover the paper presents technology and key factors in the process of making mead.
Potentilla erecta is a therapeutic plant used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory states, wounds and diseases of the alimentary tract. The results of the study reveal the effects of an aqueous extract of P. erecta rhizome on certain microorganisms occurring in food. The main components of the extract were catechins. The extract was shown to display an inhibiting effect against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, as well as against yeast such as Candida lipolitica KKP 322 and Hansenula anomala R 26. The extract did inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, however, no inhibiting effects were observed on moulds in the studied range of concentrations, i.e. 0.13 to 64 mg dry matter/ml.
The aim of the present study was to assess the degree of colonization of maize fields by the greater or hedge bindweed, Calystegia sepium L. in the vicinity of Krakow, and to investigate the habitat preferences of this weed. On the basis of field trips, carried out in 88 fields of maize, we found that C. sepium had colonized approximately 30% of the fields investigated. On average, it covered 17.5% of the field area. Multivariate analyses (PCA and RDA) showed that the presence of this species was correlated with that of sandy soils as well as the proximity of streams. Analysis of the morphological features revealed that C. sepium specimens growing both in fields and in natural stands share similar morphological characteristics.
Seed-meals of allelopathic crops may serve as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative for weed control. In this experiment, two series of a pot and one-year of micro-plot field research were conducted in southern Poland, to determine the phytotoxic impact of different seed-meals on indigenous weeds and maize (Zea mays L.) establishment. The pot experiment was performed for four meals: seed-meals of Sinapis alba L., Brassica napus L. and Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and a meal of Raphanus raphanistrum L. plants in the fruiting stage, at doses of meals 2 and 4% (w/w). As a result, the seed-meals of S. alba and F. esculentum were proved to be the most effective against the growth of tested weeds: Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus and chosen for the field experiment. In the field, the seed meals were applied into the sandy soil by the end of April 2015 at two doses, equal to 1 and 2% (w/w) per 15-cm of soil and mixed with soil by cultivator. On the same day maize cv. Wilga was sown. Weed composition was assessed at the beginning of July, and weed biomass was measured by the end of August, at the harvest time. Both doses of S. alba seed-meals and a higher dose of F. esculentum seed-meal totally eliminated Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. and Erodium cicutarium (L.) L`Her. from the plots. At the same time, the number of maize plants and their vegetative biomass was significantly inhibited, as compared to the herbicide control. Interestingly, the application of seed meals stimulated the growth of maize cobs and, as a result, the yield of maize kernels from the plots treated with the seed-meals was similar to the herbicide control. Further research should address different terms and doses of seed-meals applications in the maize cultivation.
W pracy porównano przeciwdrobnoustrojowe właściwości dwóch ekstraktów: metanolowego i wodnego otrzymanych z czosnku niedźwiedziego. Silniejsze działanie hamujące wzrost drobnoustrojów wykazywał ekstrakt otrzymany przy pomocy metanolu. Wykazywał on właściwości hamujące w stosunku do bakterii testowych (S. aureus ATTC 25923, B. subtilis ATTC 6633, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. mirabilis 14a PZH, S. enteritidis ATTC 13076) oraz grzybów (Cladosporium sp., A. niger ATCC 9142, R. nigricans, G. candidum, P. expansum ATCC 7861, C. lipolytica KKP 322, Mycoderma RI, S. fibuliger E ang.). Wodny ekstrakt z czosnku niedźwiedziego hamował wzrost tylko B. subtilis ATCC 6633 oraz grzybów R. nigricans, G. candidum, C. lipolytica KKP 322, Mycoderma RI, lecz w wyższym stężeniu niż metanolowy ekstrakt.
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