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W pracy omówiono podział oraz charakterystykę nawozów mikroelementowych. Przedstawiono najważniejsze czynniki wpływające na technologie ich wytwarzania. Wytypowano najbardziej przydatne rozwiązania dla przemysłu krajowego.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zastosowaniem do analizy metali w próbkach środowiskowych i biologicznych procedury oznaczania metali metodą spektrometrii plazmowej (ICP), w próbkach uprzednio rozłożonych w zamkniętym systemie mikrofalowym. Przedstawiono również ocenę stosowanych obecnie metod oznaczania metali i rozkładu próbek. Eksperymentalnie porównano możliwości oznaczania metali stosując kombinację rozwiązań aparaturowych, takich jak emisyjna spektrometria plazmowa (ICP-OES) z nebulizacją pneumatyczną - ICP- OES PN, emisyjna spektrometria plazmowa (ICP-OES) z nebulizacją ultradźwiękową - ICP-OES USN oraz masowa spektrometria plazmowa indukcyjnie sprzężona (ICP-MS) o wysokiej rozdzielczości. Przedstawiono wyznaczone progi wykrywalności dla mikroelementów i metali uznawanych za toksyczne. Stwierdzono, że techniką ICP-MS dla większości pierwiastków możliwe jest oznaczanie na poziomie µg·kg⁻¹-ng·kg⁻¹ . Również kombinacją metody ICP-OES USN możliwe jest oznaczanie wielu pierwiastków na poziomie µg·kg⁻¹. Metodą ICP-MS analizowano matrycowe wzorce materiałów biologicznych, w tym liście tytoniu oraz rajgrasu. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na dużą zgodność z certyfikowanymi wartościami. Kombinacja mikrofalowego rozkładu i oznaczeń wielopierwiastkowych przy użyciu spektrometru ICP-MS stanowi niezwykle przydatne narzędzie do oznaczania śladowych stężeń metali w próbkach biologicznych i środowiskowych.
We assessed the effectiveness use of the new NKSMg fertilizer on the germination of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. napus). The fertilizer was produced on the basis of protein hydrolysate from processing of poultry feathers. The whole process is based on the digestion of feather waste by acidic hydrolysis, adjusting pH of the reaction medium, and then enriched in select nutrients. The method allows the production of liquid fertilizers that can be used in soil and foliar applications. Pot experiments have shown that the use of NKSMg fertilizer based on protein hydrolysate of keratin had a significant effect on the increase of plant biomass. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in plants increased by 76.2, 5.20, 37.3, and 29.6%, respectively, compared to unfertilized plants. The use of fertilizer also significantly modified the contents of manganese and zinc in tested plants. Technology of production of fertilizers based on protein hydrolysate is currently implemented by Intermag Co., Polish leader in the manufacture of fertilizers, growth stimulators, and other preparations designed for professional agriculture and horticulture.
The paper presents results of research concerning an assessment of bioaccumulation of copper, manganese and zinc in Lohmann Brown layer hens (5 groups of 12 hens in each). Using ICP-MS method the concentration of these elements was determined in the content and shell of eggs, whole blood and in feathers of hens. Feeding was based on all-mash feed mixture J-297 type with a content of Cu – 21.8, Fe – 200.8, Mn 140.5 mg⋅kg-1, but in particular groups the contribution of organic and inorganic forms of these 3 microelements was different. Content of Zn in the mixture was 86 mg⋅kg-1 (zinc oxide). Microelements in the amounts of: Cu – 10, Fe – 40 and Mn – 80 mg⋅kg-1 were separately introduced to the control and to the test mixtures by using special premixes. In the control version, inorganic forms of these elements were used in a premix (copper sulfate, iron sulfate and manganese oxide), while in the experimental version they appeared in the organic form, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts enriched with the three elements. In the experimental mixtures the contribution of organic forms of microelements was for Cu – 47, Fe – 20 and Mn – 58%. Content of the premix in a mixture was 0.5%. Yeasts contained: Fe – 33.9, Mn – 35.4, and Cu – 22.7 mg⋅kg-1 d.m. Content of yeasts in the mixtures did not exceed 0.4%. Application of organic forms of copper caused a significant increase in copper concentration in the egg content and shell, in blood and in feathers in the group receiving organic- Cu, which proves better availability of copper from organic forms compared to copper sulfate. Introduction of organic forms of iron and manganese to feed did not cause any significant changes in the content of these metals in eggs, blood and feathers of hens, except the organic-Mn group (the level of Mn in feathers was significantly higher in feathers compared to the control group). Organic forms of copper, manganese and iron did not result in any interactions with respect to Zn although an antagonistic influence of Cu (organic- Cu group) and synergistic of Mn (organic-Mn group) in the egg content was observed.
This paper reports the results of a biomonitoring study of exposure to elements released by water pipes by hair mineral analysis with the consideration of gender. Hair of a population of 117 students living in an urban area in Poland was analyzed for the content of elements by ICP-OES (macroelements) and ICP-MS (micro-, toxic and other trace elements). The participants were grouped according to the material of which water pipes in their households were made (steel, copper, plastic). The population was of uniform age (21-22 years). The mean values and standard deviations of the content of 34 elements were reported for the whole population as well as for other populations and the subgroups. The mean level of the following elements was higher: As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Na, and lower: Hg. Statistically significant differences between the subpopulations for which the grouping variable was the type of tap water pipes were found for the following elements: Fe, Mn, Na, Ti (release order: plastic>steel>copper), Mg (copper>plastic>steel), Ni (plastic>copper>steel). The composition of water (from the same water purification station), from pipes made of different materials: steel, copper and plastic was determined. The release of elements to water was confirmed. The results of biomonitoring study by hair mineral analysis were compared with multielemental analysis of water. Plastic pipes were found to release the highest quantities of elements, which was confirmed by both a biomonitoring study and direct analysis of water: Ni, Ti, Al, Hg, Sn, Mo, Li, Ag, Cu, Sr, B. For copper pipelines both types of analyses showed release of: Ag, Cu, Si, As, and in steel: Zr and Zn. Elements, the level of which depended on sex, were indicated. The content of elements in hair and also the effect of gender were compared with other populations reported in the literature. Additionally, ratios between elements in the present and in various groups were investigated. It was found that the content of alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, and Mg) was statistically significantly higher in hair of females than males in almost all the groups. The release of elements with gender as additional grouping variable was confirmed for Ag and As, which were eluted in the highest amounts from copper plumbing, Mn and Si from plastic pipes. Hair of males seemed more appropriate for a biomonitoring study since more statistically significant differences were confirmed. This can be explained with the cosmetic treatment of hair by females.
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