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Myotonic dystrophies (DMs) are autosomal dominant disorders caused by an expansion of either CTG or CCTG nucleotide repeats in two different genes. The mutated transcripts containing toxic, expanded CUG repeats (CUGexp) or CCUG repeats (CCUGexp) accumulate in nuclei forming RNA foci and sequester some nuclear proteins regulating RNA metabolism, mostly muscleblind-like proteins (MBNLs). MBNLs function as factors regulating RNA metabolism at multiple developmental stages. Using microscopic techniques we showed that MBNL-CUGexp complexes are highly dynamic structures composed of tightly packed, although mobile, MBNL proteins that modulate RNA foci morphology. We also showed that sequestration of MBNL proteins in DM1 and DM2 results in aberrant alternative splicing of hundreds of pre-mRNAs. Some of them showed graded changes that correlated with strength of muscle weakness in patients. They may serve as biomarkers of disease severity and therapeutic response in DM. We also found that among alternative exons significantly misregulated in DM are exons forming alternative 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs). Depletion of MBNL proteins in DM leads to misregulation of thousands of alternative polyadenylation events. These findings reveal an additional developmental function for MBNL proteins and demonstrate that DM is characterized by misregulation of pre-mRNA processing at multiple levels. We also tested several strategies to eliminate or reduce the toxic effect of CUGexp in different DM1 models. They include the siRNA-induced degradation of CUGexp and inhibition of nuclear protein sequestration by antisense oligomers (AONs) which specifically bind to CUGexp. Therapeutic AONs and siRNAs induce 1) reduction of the number and size of CUGexp foci, 2) reduction of MBNL sequestration and correction of MBNL-dependent alternative splicing and 3) significant reduction of myotonia. Our data showed that short AONs and siRNA are potential therapeutic agent in DM1 treatment. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This work was supported by: the Polish National Science Centre [grants 2011/01/B/ NZ1/01603 and 2014/15/NZ2/02453], and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland under the Leading National Research Centre programme [KNOW RNA Research Centre in Poznan (No. 01/ KNOW2/2014)].
The PCR conditions have been optimized to make the process faster and more economical. When short DNA fragments are to be amplified, the time of denaturation, annealing and extension steps can be as short as 1 s each, and the yield of PCR product is still high, sufficient for many types of analysis. The PCR can be done even in a reaction volume as low as 1 jxl. The recommended volume, 2.5 jil or 5 jil, allows significant savings in the laboratory budget especially for laboratories which use PCR frequently and on a large scale.
INTRODUCTION: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CGG trinucleotides in the 5’UTR of the FMR1 gene. The patients, with the number of the repeats ranging from 55 to 200, show specific manifestation of clinical symptoms that include intention tremor, cerebellar ataxia, neuropathic pain, parkinsonian features and cognitive deficits, with the underlying brain atrophy and white matter disease of particular regions. The mutation occurs with high frequency in women (1:150–300) and men (1:400–850), with the current estimate of 16–20% female and 40–75% male carriers to develop FXTAS after reaching 50 years of age. As of now, accumulation of the toxic, RAN translation polyglycine (polyGLY) product, expressed from the expanded CGG repeats, is considered to be the main triggering factor of neurodegenerative processes in FXTAS patients. AIM(S): We aimed at estimating if cyclic naphthyridine dimers could be used to block expression of toxic polyGLY in cells expressing transcripts carrying expanded CGG repeats. We also targeted at evaluation whether this potentially therapeutic intervention could be achieved without affecting generation of FMRP, a protein translated independently from polyGLY from the mutated FMR1 transcript. METHOD(S): We employed forced expression of plasmids carrying expanded CGG triplets and sequences coding for eGFP or luciferase cloned either in or out of frame to the repeats, to evaluate the relative expression of polyGLY and FMRP following administration of cyclic naphthyridine dimers. RESULTS: Our cell culture experiments revealed that cyclic naphthyridine dimers efficiently block expression of polyGLY without affecting the overall RNA content of transcripts carrying expanded CGG repeats. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclic naphthyridine dimers efficiently block expression of the toxic RAN translation product generated from forced expressed plasmids carrying expanded CGG repeats in cell culture experiments. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: National Centre for Research and Development grant ERA-NET-E-Rare-2/III/DRUG_FXSPREMUT/01/2016. Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, from the quality-promoting subsidy, under the Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) programme for the years 2012–2017 (KNOW RNA Research Centre in Poznan) [01/KNOW2/2014].
The paper describes the results of research in the Upper Dades Valley in the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The purpose of the research was to identify the impact of river channels changes, fluvial accumulation nad erosion on human activity. Fieldwork and maps were used to characterize the structure of the Dades river channel and the intensity of present-day fluvial processes. Research data show that the Upper Dades Valley is shaped primarily by short but frequent and intense hydrometeorological events. The structure of the Dades river channel indicates a complex functionality. Tributary episodic riviers and gorges sections supply most of the weathering material. Narrow sections of Dades channel serve for material as transfer zones, while deposition occurs across broader areas. Research has shown that extreme fluvial processes occurring in semi-arid mountains result in fast river chanels changes and accelerated deposition of weathering material across valley floors, which usually leads to limits on the development of agriculture in such areas.
Coordinative motor skills play a very important role in football. The target of this paper was to analyze coordinative motor skills of 12-year-old boys training football in half a year training cycle. 23 12-year-old boys who train football and 23 12-year-old boys who do not train football were diagnosed. The diagnosis was repeated after 6 months. The most popular version of Starosta’s global coordination test, with jumps to the left and right, was used to determine global motor coordination variance. Eyes and both upper and lower limbs lateralization was determined. Weight, height, length of limbs and legs muscles were measured. Somatic features of the boys did not change in a statistically significant way between the two diagnoses. However, the group of non training boys had a higher rate of both thighs muscles than the group of footballers in the first diagnosis (p ≤ 0.01). Statistically important difference in global motor coordination between the two diagnoses was determined only for the group of football training boys, and only for the results of their left legs (p ≤ 0.05). No statistically important correlation between lateralization or stature of diagnosed boys and their global motor coordination results were discovered. This configuration of the research results proves first of all the influence of football training on the level of global coordination skills. It means that Starosta’s global coordination test is a good method for testing coordinative exercises effects in young footballers’ training. The research was accomplished within the framework of grant no. N N404 255740 (40 contest), financed by the National science centre in Krakow.
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