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Hexavalent chromium (VI) compounds are widely used in industry, while trivalent chromium (III) is used as a nutritional supplement. CrVI is generally considered more toxic and carcinogenic than its trivalent form and the toxicity of this metal is associated with free radical processes generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The detailed mechanism of ROS formation by chromium and its compounds remains largely unknown. This paper investigates the effects of both chromium III and VI on the activity of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in human blood. Our study shows that chromium III does not affect the levels of GSH, but it decreases FRAP. It also affects SOD in a dose-dependent manner while having no effect on the activity of GPx. CrVI, on the other hand, causes a decrease of SOD activity, increases the activity of GPx, reduces the level of GSH and, similarly to CrIII, shows a negative effect on FRAP.
This article presents microbiological air pollution around wastewater treatment plants in Słupca, Kostrzyń, and Września, and the Complex Wastewater Treatment and Wastes Composting Plant in Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland. The samples of air were collected using the sedimentation and aspiration methods. The largest group of microorganisms in the monitored air were psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria and microscopic fungi. The number of psychrophilic bacteria ranged from 78 to 225,000 CFU/m³, the number of mesophilic bacteria varied in the range from 0 to 195,000 CFU/m3 and the fungi – from 0 to 65,700 CFU/m³ of air. The amount of other bacteria (Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and coliforms) ranged from 0 to 87,500 CFU/m³. A great number of bacteria and fungi has been detected near sewage aeration tanks, places of sludge disposal, and grit chambers. The interpretation of the results has been conducted according to the Polish Standards, which classify the degree of air pollution in reference to the number of microflora in the air. A change in air pollution has been noted depending on the season and climatic conditions (wind strength in particular). Research has shown that coliform bacteria, although not included in the Polish Standard, constitutes a good indicator of microorganisms’ emission from sewage into the air.
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