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The purpose of this paper is to present the current data on the risk of infection of zoonotic geohelminths, i.e. intestinal nematodes, which are spread by infective stages present in the soil. In Poland, due to a small number of human intestinal helminth infections (ascarids, whipworms) reported in recent years attention has been paid to the risk of zoonotic geohelminths. Among the most important zoonotic parasites are roundworms (dog and cat ascarids), the eggs of which are most often extracted from the soil and sand, in both urban and rural settlements. The cause of environmental contamination with geohelminth eggs are pet animals that have not been dewormed, in particular freely roaming cats. The importance of foxes in spreading T. canis eggs must also not be overlooked. The accumulation of infective eggs in the environment poses a high risk of infection especially for children, with the possibility of developing clinical toxocariasis. Taking into account the lack of basic knowledge about the risk of zoonotic parasitic infections among pet owners and parents, educational campaigns are still needed, which should be carried out jointly by veterinary and medical authorities. In these activities the importance of preventive measures undertaken to avoid initial environmental contamination should be stressed; i.e. pets’ deworming, cleaning up of feces by dog owners, restricting access of animals to play areas for children.
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Cystic echinococcosis in a child infected with HIV

81%
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Echinococcus infection is possible at any age, including childhood. Most of the cases are recognized accidentally. HIV infection in children is rarely diagnosed in Poland. A currently 16-year-old girl was diagnosed with HIV vertical infection at the age of 13. Antiretroviral therapy was started after 6 months of observation. Routine ultrasound examination of her abdomen revealed a cystic lesion in the liver. The IgG ELISA test for E. granulosus infection was negative. However, she was treated with albendazole due to clinical suspicion of echinococcosis. After anti-parasitic treatment, an abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed and revealed progression of the lesion (one year of observation). As an additional imaging study, biliary tract scintigraphy was done. Localization of the cyst allowed its surgical removal. The surgery was performed under pharmacological protection with albendazole. Histopathology examination confirmed the diagnosis of echinococcosis.Currently, the clinical condition of the patient is good, antiretroviral treatment is effective and repeated abdominal ultrasound is unremarkable. E. granulosus infection in children is rare and may be accompanied by other diseases and infections. Diagnosis is difficult and it is often based on the clinical picture without serological confirmation. Surgical treatment should be supplemented with pharmacological treatment.
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