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Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain isolated from milk in Poland and an environmental E. coli strain in wastewater from Garwolin and Łowicz dairies and in activated sludges from dairy sewage treatment plants as well as in dairy wastewater with activated sludges was examined. Environmental materials were contaminated with about 10⁸ of target bacteria/ml of sample. The experiments were performed under temperature conditions typical of autumn-winter (6°) and spring-summer (24°C) seasons. It was found that the non-pathogenic E. coli strain survived longer in all media than the enterohemorrhagic serotype. E. coli O157:H7 bacteria were not detected (in direct plating method) in activated sludges after 21-28 days; in dairy wastewater as well as in wastewater with activated sludges after 21-25 days. These periods for environmental E. coli strain were 35-42 days (activated sludges), 25-28 days (wastewater with activated sludges). At higher temperature environmental E. coli were not detected in wastewater from Łowicz dairy sewage treatment plant after 25 days, but the bacteria were still present in wastewater from Garwolin dairy sewage tratment plant after 34 days. The obtained results show that the lack of environmental E. coli bacteria (as a indicator bacteria of fecal contamination) in dairy wastewater and in dairy wastewater with activated sludges could indicate the absence of pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Prolonged existence of the enterohemorrhagic serotype in activated sludges shows the need to treat activated sludges prior to the utilization of these materials as fertilizer.
The possibility of using mineral oils as a carbon source by bacteria adapted to high oil concentrations was tested in liquid media with different pH values (pH = 5,7 and 9). Two types of inocula were tested: inoculum I consisted of selected strains used in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils and inoculum II contained bacteria isolated from soil samples previously bioremediated at pH = 5, 7 and 9. Biodegradation was observed in all the investigated media independently of initial pH value and type of inoculum used. After 21 days of cultivation the reduction of oil content reached 60-70% in medium with pH = 5 and 80-90% in medium with pH = 7 and 9, respectively. Inoculum I consisted of strains of Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Agrobacter, Xanthomonas spp. After 21 days of incubation the elimination of some strains was observed. In cultures conducted at pH = 5 Agrobacter strain was no longer found, at pH 9 - the Pseudomonas strain was lost. In cultures maintained at pH = 7 all the introduced strains survived. Prolonged incubation in liquid medium at pH = 5 of strains isolated from bioremediated soils (type II inoculum) leads to the elimination of Bacillus from initial consortium of Arthrobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. In cultures containing bacteria of type II inoculum (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Agrobacter, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Micrococcus) conducted in liquid media at pH = 9 the Micrococcus strain was no longer present. In liquid cultures incubated at pH = 7 all introduced strains were recovered (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Achromobacter).
The biotransformation of phosphogypsum in cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated from crude petroleum-refining wastewaters or purified using activated sludge method was studied. Selection was with the microcosms method on Postgate and minimal medium with different carbon sources, Emerson medium and petroleum-refining wastewaters. Highest hydrogen sulfide production, in excess of 500 mg/L, was observed in culture of microorganisms isolated from purified petroleum-refining wastewaters in Postgate medium with phenol as sole carbon source. 76% phenol reduction with simultaneous biotransformation of 2.7g phosphogypsum/L (1350 mg SO₄/L) was obtained. The results regarding post-culture sediment indicated 66% utilization of phosphogypsum introduced into the culture (5 g/L), which reflects the active biotransformation of phosphogypsum by the community selected from the wastewaters.
The studies focused on the effect of the addition of low concentrations of glucose - a substrate that is readily subject to microbiological degradation, on the rate of biodégradation of petroleum products. Glucose in concentration 1% was introduced into mineral medium containing 3% crude oil, with or without bacterial inoculum. The rate of degradation of crude oil in the individual cultures was determined for 3 weeks. The degradation of petroleum products in liquid mineral medium reached 56% after 21 days of growth in the presence of 1% concentration of glucose. The introduction of bacteria that had been cultured earlier in the presence of petroleum products had an effect on hydrocarbon removal efficiency - in both the presence and absence of glucose, the percent reduction of crude oil was high, reaching 76 and 86, respectively, after 21 days.
Survival of a single strain E. coli serotype O157:H7, isolated from milk in Poland, was examined in water environment (water, bottom-shore sediments and in muddy water over sediments) at 6°C and 24°C. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected (direct plating method) in water within 32 and 51 days of incubation at 6°C and within 21 and 32 days of incubation at 24°C (except water from one of the rivers, where the disappearance of serotype O157:H7 was noticed only after 54 incubation days). The target bacteria survived in muddy water 49-65 days at 6°C and 26-60 days at 24°C. Bacteria died at the slowest rate in bottom-shore sediments. The disappearance of the enterohemorrhagic serotype in these environmental materials was noticed only after 73-100 (6°C) and 30-60 (24°C) incubation days. The obtained results evidently indicate the existence of possible hazards connected with relatively long survival periods of pathogenic bacteria in water environment. The bottom-shore sediments in particular can be a reservoir of this bacteria.
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