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The studies were conducted in various parts of the Lublin Upland on the soils formed from loess and loess-like formations as well as from limestone. The greatest and the quickest changes in the soil cover and typology are caused by erosion resulting from the changes of forest soils into cultivated soils. Several cycles of soil development in the undulating terrain are presented in relation to the intensity of erosion, mother rock, and original soil. Forest soils are not prone to undergo transformations. Cultivation going on for several hundreds years causes slow changes, mainly in some of the chemical soil properties (e.g., in the fractional humus contents, soil reaction, the contents of available K and P). A probable soil cover that existed 500-600 years ago, and the cover expected in several hundreds years have also been presented.
The paper shows the influence of geographical conditions on soil chemical properties along the southern coast of Bellsund in Spitsbergen. Soils of the western part of the Bellsund Coast, situated closer to the ocean, have been affected by more favourable climatic conditions (mainly humidity) compared with the soils of the eastern part. This is reflected by a more intense plant cover in the western part. The soils situated to the west of Kapp Lyell show an almost twice higher humus content, a higher content of mobile fulvic acids and a lower pH. These properties account for increased leaching of carbonate and alkaline cations from the soils, which results in a lower Ca2+ and Mg2+ cation saturation of the soil sorption complex.
The study concludes the results of research conducted for over 20 years in Spitsbergen by the Department of Soil Science of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. The results have been presented in nine figures provided with concise commentaries and in the form of seven conclusions.
The studies were carried out within a catena of loess soils of the West Roztocze region. These are typical grey-brown podzolic soils (Haplic Luvisols) in various stages of erosion and deluvial soil (Eutric Fluvisol). Research shows the great variation in the morphology and the physical-chemical properties of the soils. Differences observed included the content of humus, range of soil reaction, depth of decalcification, hydrolytic acidity, and the content of exchangeable cations. The reasons for such a differentiation lie in various forms of economic human influence on the surface formations of the lithosphere, including the soil cover, occurring both now and in the past.
This paper encloses results of field tests carried out on two types of organic soils. Activities of caesium, originating from global fallout as well as from the Chernobyl power plant breakdown, were measured for these two soils. Radioactive caesium is present to a depth of 40 and 70 cm, in black soil and in peat, respectively, although the highest activity was found in the topmost layers. Caesium originating from the Chernobyl accident constitutes about 70% of the total activity in the 0-10 cm layers of the soils. The vertical migration rates of caesium from both sources were also measured. In the case of peat soil the migration rate of the Chernobyl caesium as well as that from global fallout were found to be similar and amounted to 0.2 cm/year. In the case of black soil the differences were more pronounced (0.34 and 0.14 cm/year, respectively). Results of the physicochemical analysis of both tested soils are also included in this work.
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