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Silver nanoparticles – allies or adversaries?

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Nanoparticles (NP) are structures with at least one dimension of less than 100 nanometers (nm) and unique properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP), due to their bactericidal action, have found practical applications in medicine, cosmetics, textiles, electronics, and other fields. Nevertheless, their less advantageous properties which make AgNP potentially harmful to public health or the environment should also be taken into consideration. These nanoparticles are cyto- and genotoxic and accumulate in the environment, where their antibacterial properties may be disadvantageous for agriculture and waste management. The presented study reviews data concerning the biological effects of AgNP in mammalian cells in vitro: cellular uptake and excretion, localization in cellular compartments, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The mechanism of nanoparticle action consists on induction of the oxidative stress resulting in a further ROS generation, DNA damage and activation of signaling leading to various, cell type-specific pathways to inflammation, apoptotic or necrotic death. In order to assure a safe application of AgNP, further detailed studies are needed on the mechanisms of the action of AgNP on mammalian cells at the molecular level.
The authors have examined the influence of biocomponents of different origin on exhaust gases emitted from a light duty vehicle with a compression ignition engine. The car was fuelled with diesel fuel containing 20% V/V fatty acid methyl esters and diesel fuel with 13% V/V hydrotreated vegetable oils and 7% V/V fatty acid methyl esters. Commercial diesel fuel containing 7% V/V esters was a reference. The tests were performed on the chassis dynamometer in static engine operating conditions. It was stated that the addition of mentioned biocomponents into diesel fuel slightly changed the concentration of regulated components in exhaust gases with/without after-treatment devices. The presence of bio-components has reduced nitrogen oxide concentration in the treated exhaust gases as compared to the commercial diesel. We observed no trends of changes in unburned hydrocarbon concentrations depending on the type of tested fuels and presence of the diesel particle filter. Unburned hydrocarbons consisted mainly of fractions containing up to five carbon atoms per molecule. Whatever the type of fuel examined, carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were found only in the untreated exhaust gases.
Introduction and objective. According to the cancer epidemiology databases, cancer is the second leading cause of death in developing countries. Moreover, the WHO predicts a continuing increase in the incidence of cancer, extending this trend well into the next several decades. Hence, it seems obvious that the prediction of cancer susceptibility and early diagnosis is an important goal for modern biomedical sciences. The aim of this study is to clarify the value of chromosomal damage, capacity for the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs), polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, and apoptosis as prognostic markers for prostate and cervical cancer. Materials and methods. 30 prostate cancer patients and 30 cervical cancer patients were enrolled into the study. In addition, 30 healthy female donors and 30 healthy male donors served as controls. The following endpoints were investigated: frequency of micronuclei, gamma-H2AX fluorescence, XRCC1 194C>T, XRCC1 399G>A, XRCC3 IVS5–14 A>G, OGG1 326 Ser>Cys polymorphisms and apoptosis. Results. Among all tested factors, only the homozygous variant (Arg/Arg) in XRCC1 (399 Arg/Gln) was strongly associated with prostate cancer risk, and only a low apoptotic response was connected with cervical cancer risk. The presented study confirmed a positive association between the frequency of MN and increased prostate and cervical cancer risk. However, such a biomarker is not cancer specific. In addition, the information gained by analyzing the gamma-H2AX fluorescence, as well apoptosis, had no value for predicting the risk of prostate and cervical cancers. Conclusions. The final conclusion of the study is that cancer susceptibility is a complex phenotype not readily detectable in relatively small studies by functional assays or analysis of SNP in few, selected genes.
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