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This paper focuses on the hierarchical power distribution optimization of multiple local energy network (LEN) systems that are formed in three levels and can be operated in six typical modes. The decentralized optimal model for each LEN (the first level) and LENs (the second level) as well as the concentrated optimal model for the top level of the system are built, respectively. For each LEN, all the basic unities such as power generated by wind turbines and photovoltaic, and their upper nodes are considered. For LENs, the aggregated results (e.g., supply-demand requirements) from each LEN are dispatched. Furthermore, in the concentrated optimal control model (the third level), the ultimate supply-demand requirements of networked LENs together with other resources such as electric vehicles are considered. Due to the large number of control resources, the whole system is formulated as a large-scale global optimization (LSGO) problem. The self-adaptive differential evolution with neighborhood search method (SaNSDE) modified with the Lagrange multiplier method is used to solve the problem. The algorithm is firstly examined on 10 constrained benchmark functions, then it is applied to our problem. Experimental results show that the proposed model and algorithm are effective and efficient.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of hydrogen reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury during CO2 pneumoperitoneum on oxidative stress and liver function. Eighteen healthy Beagle dogs were divided into three groups. Dogs in the control group were subjected only to anesthesia for 90 min. The pneumoperitoneum group was subjected to the pressure of CO2 pneumoperitoneum with 12 mmHg intraabdominal pressure for 90 min. The hydrogen group was subjected to the pressure of CO2 pneumoperitoneum with 12 mmHg intra-abdominal pressure for 90 min after a subcutaneous injection of hydrogen gas (0.2 mL/kg) for 10 min. Blood samples were collected before the induction of pneumoperitoneum, as well as 2 h and 6 h after deflation, to evaluate oxidative stress and liver function in serum. Liver tissue samples were taken 6 h after deflation for histopathological examination. In comparison with group P, a milder histopathological change was found in group H2, and the levels of hepatic function and anti-oxidation in group H2 were higher. Hydrogen gas reduced liver ischemia-reperfusion injury due to CO2 pneumoperitoneum by reducing oxidative stress and improving liver function. Hydrogen gas therapy can be considered as a way to reduce liver ischemiareperfusion injury in laparoscopic surgery.
To investigate the molecular mechanism by which diets of different energy levels alter fat accumulation, 120 Black-Bone chickens were divided into 3 groups and fed diets with varying energy levels for six weeks (low: 3.02 Mcal/kg, moderate: 3.22 Mcal/kg, high: 3.42 Mcal/kg). The high-energy diet increased the concentration of blood lipids. Furthermore, high-energy intake inhibited the activities of several serum lipases. Histological sections showed over-synthesis of lipids in the livers of chickens fed high-energy diets. Data from western blotting and PCR analyses indicated that key factors for lipogenesis, regulatory transcription factors and fatty acid transporters, were up-regulated, while key factors for lipolysis were down-regulated. Chickens fed low-energy diets showed opposite results. In conclusion, varying energy levels of diets affect fat accumulation in Black-Bone chickens through changed expression of metabolic regulators.
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