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Cabin placement layout is an important part of ship cabin layout design. A good cabin placement layout can improve the efficiency of the ship’s cabin arrangement. However, optimisation of the layout of cabin placement is not widely studied and more often relies on the experience of the staff. Thus, a novel methodology combining systematic layout planning and a genetic algorithm to optimise the cabin placement is presented in this paper. First key elements are converted by a systematic planning method that is often applied in factory layout, and a preliminary cabin placement layout model is established according to these key elements. Then the circulation strength and adjacency strength are taken as sub-objectives to establish a mathematical model, and an improved genetic algorithm is used to optimise the model. The result of the optimisation is compared with the initial schemes to verify the validity of the algorithm. Finally, the human factors are introduced according to the actual situation. The AHP method is used to select the layout scheme of the cabin that is most likely to be applied in the actual cabin layout
To reveal the impact of vertical non-uniform distribution of soil moisture on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, incubated experiments were conducted from April to August 2013 on silty clay and sandy loam with four watering regimes [surface watering (SW) and subsurface watering application to levels 12, 15, and 18 cm below soil surface (SUW12, SUW15, SUW18)]. Short-term pulse emissions of N2O from both soils during the drying process were observed. The soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) at 0-12 cm depths for peak N2O fluxes in SW and SUW soils fell within 34-66%, 22-72%, 25-35%, and 19-39% for silty clay and sandy loam, respectively. Our results also suggest that the N2O fluxes from soil of sily clay with higher N content are much higher than that from sandy loam, and N2O were more easily influenced by soil moisture in SW soils than in SUW soils. However, more research is needed to identify an ideal soil-wetting pattern and the way to realize the ideal soil-wetting pattern, especially on soil with plant growth and fertilization.
Micropropagation system of Malus zumi was optimized by studying the influence of plant growth regulators and culture conditions. The axillary buds were used for mutiplication of in vitro shoot culture on agar Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium with combination of 1 mg l⁻¹ BAP, 0.5 mg l⁻¹ NAA or 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IAA or 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IBA under 16 h photoperiod. The shoot growth in culture was not significantly affected within a broad range (5.0–7.0) of initial medium pH. The highest shoot (13) was obtained on medium containing 1.0 mg l⁻¹ BAP and 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IAA. Welldeveloped shoots, 35–50 mm in length, were successfully rooted ex vitro at 86.3% by a 2-h-treatment with aqueous solution containing MS salts and 100 mg l⁻¹ IBA prior to their planting in growing substrate composed of soil and vermiculite (1:1 v/v). The survival rate of transplantation reached 88.0% when transferred to field condition.
Due to their theoretically identical genetic background, citrus callus and other plant tissues may share some mechanisms in the regulation of carotenogenesis. Thus, in order to gain further information on light regulation of carotenoids biosynthesis in citrus, the carotenoids and expression profiles of carotenogenesis in calluses of four citrus genotypes treated with light or dark were investigated. As a response to white light, results showed that carotenoids biosynthesis in callus of Red Marsh grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was hampered, whereas callus of Tarocco blood orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was sensitive to light by accumulating over 55% more carotenoids on average. Among the detected carotenoids, the biosynthesis of carotenes seemed to be more sensitive than that of xanthophylls. Expression profiles of eight carotenogenesis genes encoding phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), carotenoids isomerase (CRTISO) etc. were investigated. Results revealed that PSY was up regulated in calluses of two sweet oranges, and down regulated in callus of Murcott tangor (C. reticulata × C. sinensis). Biochemical data in the three genotypes emphasized the PSY as a rate-limiting gene in the carotenogenesis. However, in the callus of Red Marsh grapefruit, PDS and ZDS might be the rate-limiting genes, and their transcripts were apparently inhibited by light, led to significant decreases in contents of β-carotene and total carotenoids irrelevant to transcription levels of PSY. Expression of CRTISO was light-induced, especially in the callus of Murcott tangor, and increased by nearly 12-fold. In conclusion, light regulates the expression of several carotenogenesis genes in citrus callus, but may not necessarily result in significant changes in carotenoids production.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is having a severe effect on the pig breeding industry in central China. The mucosa and the content of the small intestine from newborn pre-weaned piglets with diarrhea were tested for the presence of PEDV by molecular and morphologic methods, and found to be positive. Negative-staining electron microscopy (EM) revealed the presence of coronavirus- like particles in the samples. The result of molecular detection by nested RT-PCR based on the amplification of the M gene was positive. Using a novel alternative method we successfully propagated the PEDV strain (CH/QX-2) in Vero cells, confirmed by ultrathin sections of the cells and Immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial S gene showed that the CH/QX-2 isolate was genetically closer to strains more commonly found in China, but differed genetically from two domestic strains (CH/S, 1986 and LZC, 2007), Korean strains (DR13, 2007), and the vaccine strain (CV777 vs) currently being used in China. CH/QX-2 formed a unique clade in the derived phylogenetic tree indicating that the CH/QX-2 strain currently circulating in central China is a new variant of PEDV. This study extends current knowledge on the diversity and epidemiology of PEDV.
Eight carotenoids, such as phytoene, a-carotene, violaxanthin, etc., synthesized in citrus callus of 31 genotypes were identified and determined. Though varied with genotypes, the carotenoids composition of callus derived from a certain genotype was stable, while carotenoids contents altered between sub-cultures. Some specific carotenoids were produced in calluses of limited genotypes: β-citraurin was only synthesized in calluses of Nianju tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Page tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi); while 9-Z-violaxanthin was only detected in Nianju tangerine and Skaggs Bonanza navel orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck). Notably, the only carotenoid detected in calluses of Natsudaidai (C. aurantium L.) and other two sweet oranges (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) was phytoene. It implied that citrus calluses could be employed to produce specific carotenoids in the future. To further elucidate the characters of callus carotenoids profile, comparisons of carotenoids profiles was made among calluses, fruit tissues and leaves of four selected citrus genotypes. Results showed that lycopene was not detected in leaves and calluses; nevertheless, both citrus fruits and calluses accumulated phytoene, whereas leaves did not except those of Cara Cara navel orange. It is postulated that citrus callus featured its carotenoids profile different from fruit tissues and leaves. In conclusion, the advantages of using citrus callus as an alternative model research system in understanding the regulation of carotenogenesis have been discussed.
To reveal the impact of irrigation management on the release and leaching of soil metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd), deep percolation rate and metals contents in soil solutions were observed in rice fields with nonflooding controlled irrigation (NFI) and flooding irrigation (FI) treatments. The contents of Cu and Cr in the deep solutions were safe according to the environmental quality standard for groundwater, but contents of other metals might lead to groundwater contamination, especially for Cd. The release of metals in surface soil was increased for NFI because the wetting-drying cycles in NFI fields resulted in less reluctant and high decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter in surface soil, and consequently enhanced the release of soil metals into solutions. Seasonal metals leaching losses in NFI fields were 44.9-53.8% lower than in FI, due to the large reduction in both deep seepage rates and metals concentrations in deep soil solutions. Higher release of metals in NFI surface soils might lead to higher bioavailability of micronutrients (Cu and Zn) to crops, but higher risks in toxic metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) uptakes.
With the development of DC distribution system within the isolated power system of a ship or an aircraft, more constant frequency loads will be supplied by inverters connected to DC main bus. In the operating mode conversion process of an isolated power system, inverters will inevitably suffer from serious disturbance and affect the stability of the system. Therefore, it is important to establish a model of the inverter that reflects its dynamic characteristics and based on which to conduct the stability analysis. This paper proposes a 12-pulse inverter model based on the generalized state space averaging (GSSA) method. This model can overcome the limitations of 12-pulse inverter state space averaging (SSA) model in transient analysis with good accuracy and fast analysis ability effectively. Three kinds of models for a 12-pulse aircraft inverter are built in MATLAB, namely GSSA model, SSA model and detail device model. The simulation results show the high accuracy of GSSA model in stability analysis. This study provides an effective analytical tool for stability analysis of 12-pulse inverter and also provides a reference for inverter modeling research of isolated power system such as in aircraft or ship
Seedlings of Camellia sinensis (L.) were grown hydroponically to study the effect of aluminium (Al) on leaf antioxidant defence system and cell ultrastructure. We found that malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased at 0–0.32 mM Al, but increased significantly at 0.53 mM Al. Like MDA, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content increased at 0.53 mM Al; however, no differences were observed at 0–0.32 mM Al. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC1.15.1.1) activity remained practically constant at 0–0.32 mM Al, but increased sharply at 0.53 mM Al; catalase (CAT, EC1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC1.11.1.7) activities decreased following an initial increase, reaching their peaks at 0.32 mM Al. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activity increased and glutathione (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) level fluctuated with increasing Al concentrations. Transmission electron microscope analysis of Al-treated leaves showed that although cell ultrastructural integrity was maintained at 0–0.32 mM, significant membrane damage was observed at 0.53 mM. Our results suggest that at low Al concentrations, the leaf antioxidant defence system can scavenge reactive oxygen species and sufficiently protect cells from free radical injury. However, at higher Al concentrations (0.53 mM), the balance between formation and detoxification of ROS is lost, resulting in the destruction of cell ultrastructure.
Phosphorus as a major nutrient element in water ecosystems is a key factor affecting algae growth in rivers. This paper adopts the sequential extraction method for phosphorus fractionation to study the distribution of phosphorus forms in riparian soils and peripheral river sediments, then to analyze the relationship between different phosphorus forms and their significance within a watershed environment. The results show that: 1) the contents of NH₄Cl-P, BD-P, and HCl-P in riparian soils are more widespread than those in river sediments, 2) the distribution patterns of phosphorus fractions in different catchments of Jianxi Basin are varied for soil and sediment, and 3) the ratio of BAP/TP is the highest in Chongyangxi catchment and the lowest in Songxi catchment. Phosphorus in riparian soils is mainly affected by agricultural activities, significantly for NaOH-P and HCl-P. And phosphorus forms in sediments are obviously affected by domestic sewage. The phosphorus contents and fractions in riparian soils change more significantly than those in river sediments.
Plants exhibit resistance to incompatible pathogens by localized and systemic defense responses. In this study, a proteomics approach was used to study compatible and incompatible interactions between wheat and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Seedlings of wheat cv. Suwon 11 were inoculated with isolates of compatible race CYR31 and incompatible race CYR23. Total proteins isolated from wheat leaves were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Compared with the mock inoculation, 41 differentially expressed proteins at 24 and 72 h post-inoculation were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and 23 of these proteins were positively identified. Of those, six were further examined for changes at the transcriptional level in wheat leaves infected with Pst. They were categorized into classes related to photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, signal transduction, and metabolism. Annotation of proteins induced in incompatible interactions revealed a rapid resistance response that included the induction of protein kinase signaling and the production of reactive oxygen species, which usually occur during R-gene-mediated responses. Proteins with antioxidant functions, e.g., ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, were differentially expressed between compatible and incompatible interactions, indicating differential accumulation of reactive oxygen species in infected tissues. In addition, fragments of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) were identified in proteins isolated from Pst-infected leaves. Rubisco fragmentation in response to Pst inoculation was confirmed by western blot analysis, indicating that chloroplasts and photosynthesis in both the incompatible and compatible situations were affected by Pst infection.
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