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The main factors determining the quantity and quality of the yield of plants grown in the soilless system is the kind of cultivation substrate used and the level of supplying the plants with nutrients. Studies conducted in the years 2005–2006 were aimed at determining the effect of substrates (peat, peat mixed with pine bark in the proportion of 1:1, peat with pine sawdust in the ratio of 1:1), as well as of differentiated nitrogen dose (140 and 210 mg N·dm-3) upon yielding, chemical composition of strawberry (Fragaria × ananasa Duch.) leaves and fruit, cultivar „Elsanta”, grown in unheated foil tunnel. In those studies no significant differences were found in total and marketable yield of strawberry fruit grown in peat, as well as in peat with pine bark. Significantly smaller total (435.8 g·plant-1) and marketable (286.5 g·plant-1) fruit yield was reported when strawberries were grown in peat mixed with pine sawdust. In plants grown in peat mixed with sawdust significantly smaller fruit unit weight (10.7 g) was found, as compared to plants that grew in the remaining substratums. In our studies no significant effect of differentiated nitrogen fertilization upon strawberry yielding was demonstrated. In the leaves of strawberries fertilized with nitrogen in the dose of 210 mg N·dm-3 we found significantly more nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as less calcium and magnesium, as compared to plants fertilized with smaller doses of this nutrient. The fruit of strawberries fertilized with a higher nitrogen dose contained significantly more nitrogen and potassium, as well as less vitamin C and soluble solids, as compared to the fruit collected from plants fertilized with nitrogen in the dose of 140 mg N·dm-3.
Sweet pepper belongs to vegetables with high biological value, characteristic taste and health-promoting features, which depend on the content of many elements with antioxidant capacity. Pepper fruits are an important source of mineral components for people. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different foliar feeding regimes with the use of calcium on the content of macro- and microelements in sweet pepper fruits. The experiment with the sweet pepper cultivar Caryca F1 was carried out under field conditions in 2010-2011. Various calcium preparations: Ca(NO3)2 , Insol Ca, Librel Ca, were applied in plant nutrition. The evaluated preparations were sprayed 3 and 5 times, in the concentration of 1%, until complete wetness of the plants. Control fields were sprayed with water. No significant influence of the examined factors on the dry matter content (%) was recorded in the fruits of cv. Caryca F1 sweet pepper cultivated in a field. However, the influence of the applied calcium preparations on the content of N-total, P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu in pepper fruits was shown to vary. After an application of Ca(NO3)2, higher concentrations of K, Zn, Cu were demonstrated; an application of Insol Ca stimulated a higher content of K and Cu; more K, Fe, Zn and Cu occurred in the fruit after feeding with Librel Ca, and the content of P was lower after an application of Insol Ca and Librel Ca, all versus the control. The different number of treatments did not have any significant effect on the chemical content of pepper fruits, except for Fe and Mn, where 5 treatments increased the content of these elements in pepper fruits. The positive influence of the applied calcium preparations and of the number of treatments on the accumulation of Ca in pepper fruits were proven. For example, 5 treatments were demonstrated to have increased the calcium content in fruits by an average 25.3%, and 3 treatments raised the above trait by 15.3% above the control.
The present study was conducted on six Magnolia species in the period 2006-2008 in the Botanical Garden of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. The soil and leaves from the locations of the following species of Magnolia were subjected to evaluation: cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata L.), Kobushi magnolia (Magnolia kobus DC), purple lily magnolia (Magnolia liliiflora L.), Japanese willow-leaf magnolia (Magnolia salicifolia Siebold et Zucc. Maxim.), saucer magnolia (Magnolia x soulangiana Soul.-Bod.), and umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala L.). The studied plants were planted during the period 1968-1989 on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess. The significantly lowest content of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as the lowest pH were recorded in the soil from the location occupied by the purple lily magnolia (M. liliiflora). The other sites were characterized by an optimal range of pH, high soil phosphorus and magnesium availability as well as medium potassium availability. An optimal content of nitrogen and calcium was found in the leaves of the cucumber tree (M. acuminata), of phosphorus and magnesium in the leaves of the Kobushi magnolia (M. kobus), and of potassium in the leaves of the Japanese willow-leaf magnolia (M. salicifolia). A low content of nitrogen and calcium was shown in the leaves of the purple lily magnolia (M. liliiflora), of phosphorus in the leaves of the saucer magnolia (M. x soulangiana), and of potassium in the indicator parts of the cucumber tree (M. acuminata). The study found that among the studied species the cucumber tree (M. acuminata) could be a good biostabilizer of nitrogen, while the Kobushi magnolia (M. kobus) a good biostabilizer of phosphorus and magnesium. In spite of significant differences in soil nutrient availability and clear variations in macronutrient contents in the indicator parts of the investigated plants, no visual symptoms of nutrient deficit were found in the Magnolia species under study.
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