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Soil microorganisms play important roles in the dynamic regulation of organic matter in the forest ecosystem and are affected by different revegetation types. To reveal the influence of different revegetation types on soil microorganisms, we examined soil properties, soil microbial activity and diversity in Baishilazi Nature Reserve, including two planted coniferous forests (LG: Larix gmelinii, PK: Pinus koraiensis), two natural secondary broadleaf forests (JM: Juglans mandshurica, QM: Quercus mongolica), and one conifer-broadleaf forest (CB). Biolog-Eco plates were used to study soil microbial functional diversity. We found that the content of soil total C and total N existed higher under the broadleaf forests (JM, QM) than conifer-broadleaf forest (CB) and coniferous forests (LG, PK). Carbon source utilization capacity and soil microbial activity showed significant variations among different revegetation types. Soil microbial activity of natural secondary forests was significantly higher than planted coniferous forests, and JM created the highest soil microbial activity. Heatmap and PCA plot clearly differentiated among the different samples. The broadleaf forests, conifer-broadleaf forest and coniferous forests were well separated from each other, especially along the PC1, and the position of conifer-broadleaf forest was intermediate. The findings of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that soil total C and total N were the main factors affecting soil microbial functional diversity. This study investigated how shifts in soil microbial functional diversity affected by different revegetation types were operational indicators of soil quality in Baishilazi Nature Reserve and that the JM created the highest carbon source utilization soil microbial diversity.
Root restriction was applied to ‘Summer black’ grape (Vitis vinifera L. 9 Vitis labrusca L.) to investigate its effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry during development. Anthocyanin composition and expression patterns of 16 genes in anthocyanin pathway were thus analyzed. The results showed that the anthocyanin levels in berry skin were significantly increased and the anthocyanin profile was enriched. Gene expression pattern revealed that the increased anthocyanins coincide with the up-regulated expression of all 16 genes investigated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, chalcone synthase 1, chalcone synthase 2, chalcone synthase 3, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 1, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 2, flavonoid 30-hydroxylase (F30H), flavonoid 30,50-hydroxylase (F3050H), di-hydroflavonol 4-reductase, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, O-methyltransferases (OMT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (3GT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The increased total anthocyanins predominantly resulted from the increase of tri-hydroxylated, methoxylated and monoglycosylated rather than di-hydroxylated, non-methoxylated, and di-glycosylated forms, which might be due to the differential regulation of F3050H/F30H, OMT and 3GT, respectively.
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