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Significance of naturally occurring intracellular polyamines (PAs), such as spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, in relation to the mechanism and adaptation to combat abiotic stress has been well established in plants. Because of their polycationic nature at physiological pH, PAs bind strongly to negative charges in cellular components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and phospholipids. Accumulation of the three main PAs occurs under many types of abiotic stress, and modulation of their biosynthetic pathway confers tolerance to drought or salt stress. Maintaining crop yield under adverse environmental conditions is probably the major challenge faced by modern agriculture, where PAs can play important role. Over the last two decades, genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and phenomic approaches have unraveled many significant functions of different PAs in the regulation of plant abiotic stress tolerance. In recent years, much attention has also been devoted to the involvement of PAs in ameliorating different environmental stresses such as osmotic stress, drought, heat, chilling, high light intensity, heavy metals, mineral nutrient deficiency, pH variation, and UV irradiation. The present review discusses the various reports on the role of PAs in the abiotic stress of plants with a note on current research tendencies and future perspectives. Co-relating all these data into a signal network model will be an uphill task, and solving this will give a clearer picture of the intricate abiotic stress signalling network in the plant kingdom.
Plants respond to abiotic stresses such as salinity, extreme temperature and drought by the activation of complex intracellular signaling cascades that regulate acclimatory biochemical and physiological changes. Protein kinases are major signal transduction factors that play a central role in mediating acclimation to environmental changes in eukaryotic organisms. It is well known that changes in abiotic conditions such as the concentration of ions, temperature and humidity lead to modulation of polyamine contents in plants. However, little is known about the relevant part these polyamines play in abiotic stress responses. Here, we address a specific role of spermidine during high salt stress by studying its interaction with OSPDK, a sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase2 (SnRK2)-type serine/threonine protein kinase SAPK4 homolog in indica rice. In this report, we demonstrate that spermidine mediates in vitro phosphorylation of OSBZ8, a bZIP class of ABRE-binding transcription factor, by OSPDK. Our results give a first-hand indication of the pivotal role played by polyamines in abiotic stress cell signaling in plants.
Importance of higher polyamines, spermidine, and spermine, in relation to the mechanism and adaptation to combat abiotic stress has been well established in cereals. Owing to their polycationic nature at physiological pH, polyamines bind strongly to negative charges in cellular components such as nucleic acids, various proteins, and phospholipids. To study the physiological role of polyamine during salinity stress, phosphorylation study was carried out in cytosolic soluble protein fraction isolated from the roots of salt tolerant (Nonabokra) and salt sensitive (M-1-48) rice cultivars treated with none (control), NaCl (150 mM, 16 h), spermidine (1 mM, 16 h) or with abscisic acid (100 µM, 16 h).A calcium independen auto regulatory 42 kDa protein kinase was found to phosphorylate myelin basic protein and casein but not histone. Interestingly, this was the only protein to be phosphorylated in root cytosolic fraction during NaCl/ abscisic acid/spermidine treatment indicating its importance in salinity mediated signal transduction. This is the first report of polyamine as well as abscisic acid induced protein kinase activity in rice root in response to salinity stress.
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