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For more than a century, several countries all over the world have taken certain areas under protection in order to protect their natural beauty and biological diversity. Today, protected areas, as well as their function of protecting nature, are considered as areas contributing to human welfare, reduction of poverty, and sustainable development. In this study, it is established that with its landscape and natural landscape beauty, the Tortum Waterfall is visited by lots of tourists, especially in summer. The waterfall is the highest in Turkey and Europe and the third highest in the world at 48 m. The objective of our study is to refer to the current condition and importance of the area needing protection and, therefore, continually promote and contributing to regional and national tourism. With a hydrophical valley and area of 205.5 ha, the research area has been studied in accordance with the natural protection criteria and necessity of protection has been suggested. Moreover, it has been stated that the Tortum Waterfall should be taken under protection as a “Natural Park” and emphasized that the improvement plans of the area need to be prepared quickly.
Background: It is well known that rodents are defined by a unique masticatory apparatus. The present study describes the design and structure of the masseter muscle of the blind mole rat (Spalax leucodon). The blind mole rat, which emerged 5.3–3.4 million years ago during the Late Pliocene period, is a subterranean, hypoxia-tolerant and cancer-resistant rodent. Yet, despite these impressive characteristics, no information exists on their masticatory musculature. Materials and methods: Fifteen adult blind mole rats were used in this study. Dissections were performed to investigate the anatomical characteristics of the masseter muscle. Results: The muscle was comprised of three different parts: the superficial masseter, the deep masseter and the zygomaticomandibularis muscle. The superficial masseter originated from the facial fossa at the ventral side of the infraorbital foramen. The deep masseter was separated into anterior and posterior parts. The anterior part of the zygomaticomandibularis muscle arose from the snout and passed through the infraorbital foramen to connect on the mandible. Conclusions: The construction of the deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis muscles were of the Myomorpha type. Further studies are needed to reveal features such as muscle biomechanics, muscle types. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 2: 419–424)
Background: The effects of ageing on the histopathological changes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the existence and age related alterations of immunochemical expressions of type I collagen and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) proteins was aimed to be displayed. Materials and methods: In this study, 14 Balb/C type white mice (50–80 g) were included. Groups were organised as group 1 — 2-month-old young animals (n = 7) and group 2 — 18-month-old old animals (n = 7). Of the paraffin embedded tissues 4–5 µm thick sections were taken and immunohistochemical stainings of haematoxylin-eosin, type-1 collagen and MMP-2 were performed. Results: Collagen bundles showed sagittal and oblique localisations in the young mice, which were comprised of compact collagen bundle layers positioned alternately. While collagen bundle fragmentation was observed in the disks of old mice, some disk regions showed ruptures. In the old mice a decrease in blood vessels, structural impairments and dilatation in arterioles and venules were detected. In the TMJ tissues of the young mice type I collagen and MMP-2 expressions were increased, while they were decreased in old mice. In the MMP-2 H-score evaluation young mice showed significant increase compared to the old mice. Conclusions: Occurrence of degenerations in the collagen structure of TMJ and decimation in the matrix metalloproteases were observed with age. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 329–334)
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