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Nitrogen removal from communal wastewater by activated sludge immobilised in ceramic carriers with various internal structures was attributed to simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The experiment was performed with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranging from 70 to 15 minutes, under aeration conditions. The effectiveness of SND with aeration was as follows: in the 7-channelled carrier – from 59.2 to 91.0%, in the 3-channelled carrier – from 36.7 to 84.4%, in the 8-channelled carrier – from 46.2 to 73.0%. For a short HRT (30 and 15 minutes) the peak effectiveness of nitrogen removal (as a result of SND) per unit area of the carrier’s active surface was achieved in the 3-channelled carrier with the largest, 50% portion of free spaces.
This experiment was conducted in a bioreactor with biomass immobilized in ceramic carriers. The influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT), carrier structure and intrinsic circulation rate on carbon and nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater were investigated. Two types of ceramic carriers were used at HRT 70, 60, 40, 30 min for carrier I, and 70, 60, 30, 15 min for carrier II, and at the circulation rate of 60, 40 and 20 dm3·h-1. The highest nitrogen removal efficiency was achieved in carrier II at 30 min of reaction. The carbon removal efficiency was similar for both carriers. An increase in internal circulation rate from 20 to 60 dm3·h-1 enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency from 33.0 to 47.2% and decreased in the production of surplus sludge in carrier II.
Two porous ceramic carriers (internal active surface 0.04 m2 for carrier I and 0.2 m2 for carrier II) with immobilized activated sludge were the stationary filling of the reactors. Municipal wastewater was treated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 70 to 15 min. The efficiency of organic compounds removal from wastewater changed for reactor I from 85.2 to 93.8%, for reactor II from 62.9 to 87.1%. The contribution of oxidation, biomass synthesis, denitrification and intracellular storage in organic compounds removal depended on the type of carrier and on hydraulic retention time (HRT). Over 20% of organic loading in influent to reactors I and II was used for cellular oxidation. Only for reactor I at HRT 30 and 15 min higher participation of nitrate respiration than oxygen was one observed. From 6.1 to 14.5% of loading in influent was removed as a result of sludge yield. For reactor I the high contribution of intracellular storage in organic compounds removal from wastewater was observed.
The experiment was carried out in two SBR reactors differing in ammonia load (reactor R1 - ammonia load of 130 mg N-NH₄ x d⁻¹, reactor R2 - ammonia load of 250 mg N-NH₄ x d⁻¹). Feeding conditions in the reactors were switched from favoring autotrophic nitrification through favoring heterotrophic processes and back to autotrophic conditions. Observations of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) community changes were based on PCR-RFLP analysis of amplified amoA gene fragments and AOB genetic diversity was evaluated on the base of the number of different amoA gene forms. When only carbonates were introduced with wastewater restriction patterns established about day 23 and 28 at ammonia load of 250 and 130 mg N-NH₄ x d⁻¹, respectively. In both reactors statistically higher number of different amoA gene forms was observed when only carbonates were present in wastewater in comparison to conditions in which sodium acetate was introduced to the reactors. The AOB participation in activated sludge was higher at ammonia load of 250 mg N-NH₄ x d⁻¹ but their genetic diversity was lower in comparison with this observed at ammonia load of 130 mg N-NH₄ x d⁻¹.
Our research determined the impact of operational conditions on the quantity of total and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in immobilized biomass. The experiment was conducted for two kinds of wastewater differing in organic carbon concentration at HRTs of 1.5 h, 1.0 h, and 0.5 h. The evaluation of bacteria number was accomplished by using the real-time PCR targeting ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) and 16S rDNA genes. In the absence of organic carbon in the influent, the shortening of HRT from 1.5 h to 0.5 h positively affected the AOB number in immobilized biomass, which reached even 30%. But their activity was limited. In the presence of organic carbon in the influent, the shortening of HRT below 1.5 h resulted in a decline of the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrification efficiency.
Transcription levels of amoA mRNA and 16S rRNA during an aeration phase in SBR (sequencing batch rector) were analysed using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and a relationship between amoA mRNA expression in activated sludge and changes in nitrogen compounds concentrations was examined. Expression of amoA gene reached a detectable level two hours after a beginning of the aeration phase and did not disappear until its end. Lack of detectable amoA expression at the beginning of the aeration phase was in agreement with nitrite concentration decrease. Gradual increase in amoA transcripts level observed during next hours indicated a rise in ammonia-oxidising bacteria activity, a detectable change in nitrite concentration was observed 2 h after the RT-PCR signal was provided for the first time. Changes in 16S rRNA transcription level indicated that metabolic activity of the activated sludge bacterial community increased gradually during the aeration phase.
A bacterial community in activated sludge from a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant was monitored throughout the year with the use of FISH, RISA and DGGE techniques. In the investigated range of temperatures (11.9–21.6°C), a rise in temperature resulted in a lower total bacteria richness, while organic load rate changes from 0.09 to 0.21 g COD·g TSS–1 · d–1 were positively correlated with the number of bands in RISA patterns. The most diverse pattern (29 different bands) was characteristic for the activated sludge sample collected at the end of January at wastewater temperature of 11.9°C. The ammonia-oxidising bacteria community did not change during the study, and comprised of 4 different bacterial populations with one dominant species closely related to Nitrosospira sp. REGAU (GenBank accession number AY635572.1). The percentage of ammonia-oxidising bacteria in the activated sludge varied from 6.2 to 19.5% and depended on temperature (R = 0.61, p = 0.02) and organic load rate (R = – 0.55, p = 0.04).
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