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With the rapid development of electronic technology, network technology and cloud computing technology, the current data is increasing in the way of mass, has entered the era of big data. Based on cloud computing clusters, this paper proposes a novel method of parallel implementation of multilayered neural networks based on Map-Reduce. Namely in order to meet the requirements of big data processing, this paper presents an efficient mapping scheme for a fully connected multi-layered neural network, which is trained by using error back propagation (BP) algorithm based on Map-Reduce on cloud computing clusters (MRBP). The batch-training (or epoch-training) regimes are used by effective segmentation of samples on the clusters, and are adopted in the separated training method, weight summary to achieve convergence by iterating. For a parallel BP algorithm on the clusters and a serial BP algorithm on uniprocessor, the required time for implementing the algorithms is derived. The performance parameters, such as speed-up, optimal number and minimum of data nodes are evaluated for the parallel BP algorithm on the clusters. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed parallel BP algorithm in this paper has better speed-up, faster convergence rate, less iterations than that of the existed algorithms
To reveal the impact of vertical non-uniform distribution of soil moisture on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, incubated experiments were conducted from April to August 2013 on silty clay and sandy loam with four watering regimes [surface watering (SW) and subsurface watering application to levels 12, 15, and 18 cm below soil surface (SUW12, SUW15, SUW18)]. Short-term pulse emissions of N2O from both soils during the drying process were observed. The soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) at 0-12 cm depths for peak N2O fluxes in SW and SUW soils fell within 34-66%, 22-72%, 25-35%, and 19-39% for silty clay and sandy loam, respectively. Our results also suggest that the N2O fluxes from soil of sily clay with higher N content are much higher than that from sandy loam, and N2O were more easily influenced by soil moisture in SW soils than in SUW soils. However, more research is needed to identify an ideal soil-wetting pattern and the way to realize the ideal soil-wetting pattern, especially on soil with plant growth and fertilization.
To reveal the impact of irrigation management on the release and leaching of soil metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd), deep percolation rate and metals contents in soil solutions were observed in rice fields with nonflooding controlled irrigation (NFI) and flooding irrigation (FI) treatments. The contents of Cu and Cr in the deep solutions were safe according to the environmental quality standard for groundwater, but contents of other metals might lead to groundwater contamination, especially for Cd. The release of metals in surface soil was increased for NFI because the wetting-drying cycles in NFI fields resulted in less reluctant and high decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter in surface soil, and consequently enhanced the release of soil metals into solutions. Seasonal metals leaching losses in NFI fields were 44.9-53.8% lower than in FI, due to the large reduction in both deep seepage rates and metals concentrations in deep soil solutions. Higher release of metals in NFI surface soils might lead to higher bioavailability of micronutrients (Cu and Zn) to crops, but higher risks in toxic metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) uptakes.
Phenolic wastewater comes mainly from coking, gas, and petrochemical plants, and other industrial sectors, as well as petroleum cracking ethylene, synthetic phenol, poly Thalidomide fibers, organic pesticides, and the phenolic resin production process. Phenolic compounds are monitoring our priority persistent organic compounds, having already been included in the column of carcinogenic single ring aromatics. In this paper, catalytic supercritical water gasification was applied to treat the phenolic wastewater. The influence of alkali on the gasification of phenolic wastewater with NaOH as catalyst at 580ºC, 27MPa was investigated. The results showed that the NaOH addition increased H₂ fraction and gas yield. The reaction mechanism was analyzed.
Length–weight relations were estimated for 14 endemic fish species of the upper Yangze River, namely Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis Fang, 1930; Jinshaia sinensis (Sauvage et Dabry de Thiersant, 1874); Megalobrama pellegrini (Tchang, 1930); Coreius guichenoti (Sauvage et Dabry de Thiersant, 1874); Rhinogobio cylindricus Günther, 1888; Rhinogobio ventralis (Sauvage et Dabry de Thiersant, 1874); Procypris rabaudi (Tchang, 1930); Ancherythroculter kurematsui (Kimura, 1934); Ancherythroculter nigrocauda Yih et Wu, 1964; Acrossocheilus monticola (Günther, 1888); Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker, 1870); Hemiculterella sauvagei Warpachowski, 1888; Hemiculter tchangi Fang, 1942; and Xenophysogobio boulengeri (Tchang, 1929). The a values obtained ranged from 0.006 to 0.023, and b values ranged from 2.955 to 3.377. The t-test results indicated the first seven species grew isometrically and the other 7 species grew allometrically.
Due to the shortage of water resources in China, the state has implemented a series of rainwater harvesting projects. The safety of water quality cannot be guaranteed due to the lack of an effective construction, running, and management system. Slow filters are low-maintenance systems that do not require special equipment. In order to improve the performance of SSF in terms of the removal of bacteria and solid granules, e.g., the microorganisms attached to the surface of a single grain of the filtering material under a scanning electron microscope (50×) have been studied. Based on the improvements of conventional slow sand filtration (SSF), the bio-slow sand filtration method has effectively mitigated and helps to remove bacteria and other microbiological contaminants, as well as heavy metals, ammonia, nitrogen, organic material, and turbidity of the harvested rainwater. The removal efficiency of bioslow sand filtration was approximately 20-30% on particulate organic carbon, above 95% on ammonianitrogen, and better than 96%, 95%, 95%, 80%, 70%, and 60% on Cu2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Pb2+, respectively. The effluent quality meets the requirements of “standards for drinking water quality” in China. The result indicated the bio-slow sand filtration method could achieve better water quality results as an available water treatment technology.
The health condition of rolling bearing can directly influence to the efficiency and lifecycle of rotating machinery, thus monitoring and diagnosing the faults of rolling bearing is of great importance. Unfortunately, vibration signals of rolling bearing are usually overwhelmed by external noise, so the fault frequencies of rolling bearing cannot be readily obtained. In this paper, an improved feature extraction method called IMFs_PE, which combines the multivariate empirical mode decomposition with the permutation entropy, is proposed to extract fault frequencies from the noisy bearing vibration signals. First, the raw bearing vibration signals are filtered by an optimal band-pass filter determined by SK to remove the irrelative noise which is not in the same frequency band of fault frequencies. Then the filtered signals are processed by the IMFs_PE to get rid of the relative noise which is in the same frequency band of fault frequencies. Finally, a frequency domain condition indicator FFR(Fault Frequency Ratio), which measures the magnitude of fault frequencies in frequency domain, is calculated to compare the effectiveness of the feature extraction methods. The feature extraction method proposed in this paper has advantages of removing both irrelative noise and relative noise over other feature extraction methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulated and experimental bearing signals. And the results are shown that the proposed method outperforms other state of the art algorithms with regards to fault feature extraction of rolling bearing
The improvement of soy sauce fermentation is restricted by the insufficient information on bacterial community. In this study, bacterial communities in the koji and mash stage were compared based on next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 29 genera were identified in the koji stage, while 34 in the mash stage. After koji stage, 7 genera disappeared and 12 new genera appeared in the mash stage. The dominant bacteria were Kurthia, Weissella and Staphylococcus in the koji stage and Staphylococcus, Kurthia, Enterococcus and Leuconostoc in the mash stage. The results provided insights into the microbial communities involved in soy sauce fermentation.
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