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Four cranial bones (supraethmoid, glossohyal, premaxilla, vomer) of nine-month-old reciprocal hybrids of Salmo salar and Salmo trutta and the arrangement of the opercular bones in reciprocal hybrids aged from 4 to 24 months were analyzed. The supraethmoid bone in the majority of the hybrids studied was similar to that of salmon. In some hybrids, an atypical additional process was found on the lower part of the supraethmoid bone. The large process of the premaxilla bone had a short base in the two groups of hybrids as in salmon, and it was low as in trout. The shape of the vomer plate was intermediate between a triangle (as in trout) and a pentagon (as in salmon) in the majority of salmon x trout hybrids and almost half of the trout x salmon hybrids. The glossohyal in some hybrids had an uneven number of teeth in each row, and these rows of teeth were uneven.
The study on the young (from 1-month-old larvae to smolts) sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) in Pomeranian rivers involved 21 morphometric characters and 10 meristic characters, opercular bone pattern, anal fin shape, pyloric caeca count, and coloration.
Characterisation of salmon (Salmo salar) aged 0+, 1+, 2+, stocked in Pomeranian rivers, involved 25 plastic and 13 meristic characters, the opercular bone arrangement, and coloration. Coloration of body and fins, appearing at the age of 0+ at the fork length of 6-10 cm belonged to the earliest species-specific traits. Typical values of certain species-specific characters, such as tail base width, caudal fin incision (as per cent of l. caudalis), and the length of the upper jaw (as per cent of l. capitis) were recorded as early as in the fish aged 0+. Other characters, such as the opercular bone arrangement, were observed in those individuals aged 1+ and only in some fish aged 0+. The typical salmon anal fin shape occurred in some of the salmon aged 1+ and 2+ only. The study showed a high variability and significant differences in meristic and plastic characters between individuals grown in various rivers.
Background. The pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), known also as pumpkinseed sunfish, is native to eastern and central North America. Its introduction to Europe has resulted in fast spreading of the species over the continent. In Poland, the pumpkinseed has found favourable conditions for living and reproduction in water bodies artificially heated by thermal power plants. The aim of this study was to determine the annual cycle of gonad development of the pumpkinseed population inhabiting the warm-water canal of the Dolna Odra power plant (NW Poland), which has not been studied before at this location. Materials and Methods. The pumpkinseed individuals were caught in the heated-water discharge canal of the Dolna Odra power plant. The average water temperature in the canal was by 6–8ºC higher than that of the river. The analysis of the annual cycle of gonad development was performed in both sexes using histological methods. The fish were aged 3+ to 6+. A standard paraffin technique and Heidenhain’s iron hematoxylin staining were used. Results. In the site surveyed, the spawning season for females lasted from the beginning of May through August, i.e., was longer than in the native range of this fish species. In one female caught in September, the ovaries contained oocytes in the stage of vitellogenesis. The oocytes in the stage of atresia were found rarely in the fish caught from April through June. Mature testes in males were found between late April and September, i.e., throughout the spawning period of the females. Few male anomalies of the sexual cycle were observed, e.g., in October, they were found to engage in another cycle of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa production. Moreover, the presence of large groups of degenerating cells in the seminal tubules was observed throughout the year, but was particularly evident between September and February. Conclusion. The results have confirmed the high colonisation abilities of the pumpkinseed. As a consequence of global warming, the studied canal with post-cooling water may become a starting point of expansion of this species to other bodies of water. Upon a considerable climate warming, this species could threaten the native species.
The knowledge of the genetic variability and structure of Salmo trutta population is needed for effective protection of the species and rational management of the resources. A number of marker systems have been introduced to evaluate the genetic variability of trout populations. Among them, the most often used are the RAPD and SSR markers. Both marker systems are classified as type II markers (O’BRIEN 1991, LERCETEAU-KÖHLER and WEISS 2006). In this study, the genetic variability of the Salmo trutta m. fario and Salmo trutta m. trutta populations from the Rega river, and the three watercourses Sitna, Słopica and Bagnica of the Drawa river catchment area, were analysed. One stream, the Chojnówka (located outside the catchments of the above streams), was used as an extra study area. Based on two marker systems, different results were obtained. In the case of RAPD analysis, all loci were polymorphic in all populations. The use of these marker systems permitted the construction of UPGMA similarity trees. The trees revealed a division of the analysed populations into two groups: one group from the Słopica river and the other group from the remaining watercourses. In the second similarity group, two subgroups can be distinguished: one comprising the population of the sea trout from the Rega river and that of the brown trout from the Sitna river (60.7%), and the other consisting of the parr trout populations from the Chojnówka, Bagnica and Sitna (50.3–79.4%). Between the analysed populations, 100% polymorphism was found. The results indicate a high genetic variability of the studied populations. In the case of SSR analysis, 9 microsatellite loci isolated from five trout populations were described. The number of alleles at these loci ranged from 1 to 5 with an average of 2.8 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.07 to 0.66, with an average of 0.35. The results indicate high genetic variation of the populations studied.
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