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The functional food development is one of the most interesting fi elds of the food industry. The knowledge of the effects of processing is essential in order to optimize the conditions and to obtain functional foods rich in bioactive compounds. Many functional buckwheat derived bakery and non-bakery products have been put into production including buckwheat enhanced breads, biscuits, snacks, noodles, tea, tarhana, sprouts, and fi nally buckwheat honey. This article reviews the studies carried out in the past few years in relation to the effects of processing on bioactive compounds in buckwheat derived bakery and non-bakery products, and on their overall nutritional value and consumer acceptance. Finally, the future trends in buckwheat processing are addressed.
This paper describes the antioxidant capacity of cruciferous sprouts and its components in the course of germination under light conditions. The content of soluble proteins (SP), reduced glutathione (GSH), L-ascorbic acid (AH2), tocopherols (a-T, b-T, g-T, d-T) and total phenolic compounds (TPC), and finally Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the seeds and sprouts were determined in this respect. The results obtained were used for calculating the contribution of these compounds to total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of seeds and sprouts. The TAC of the samples was calculated as the sum of TEAC obtained by ABTS test (formed by TPC and AH2 presence) plus sum of the antioxidant capacities provided by tocopherols, soluble proteins and GSH. The percentage contribution of TPC was corrected by the content of AH2 due to the overestimated TPC values determined by Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, and a simple correction method is shown. Both corrected TPC and AH2 contribution was above 99%, 83% and 59% in radish, small radish and rapeseeds and about 97%, 73% and 71% in 5-day sprouts, respectively. The contribution of SP, GSH and T (a-T, b-T, g-T, d-T) in forming the antioxidant screen of the seeds and sprouts was of a minor importance since it did not exceed 6% in the seeds and approximately 2% in the sprouts collected after the fourth day of germination. This study indicates TPC and AH2 to be the most important antioxidants in cruciferous sprouts.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. There is an increasing awareness of the role of flavonoids as epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of flavonol- and isoflavone-rich diets may decrease the risk of developing coronary heart disease and certain cancers. Apart from some fermented foods and tea, where flavonoid aglycones are present, most of the dietary flavonoids are O-glycosides, mainly with D-glucose and in this form are ingested. As a rough estimate, the total daily intake of polyphenols is between 150 and 1000 mg. The paper is focused on the flavonoid (especially quercetin-related) metabolism. The processes involved are deglycosylation, transfer into enterocytes, glucuronidation, transport to liver via hepatic vein, or resecretion into intestinal lumen, further conjugation reactions in liver, enterohepatic recirculation, biliary and urinary excretion, metabolism by colonic microflora.
This paper describes the use of photochemiluminescence (PCL), spectrophotometric methods (TEAC, FCR reducing capacity) and cyclic voltammetry for the measurement of the antioxidant capacity of roots obtained from dark- and light-grown buckwheat sprouts. A 80% methanol was used for the preparation of extracts originated from roots separated from 6 and 8 DAS (days after seeding) buckwheat sprouts. The 8 days germination period was sufficient to obtain a good quality sprouts with completely removed pericarps and therefore the roots were collected within this period for the experiments. Comparison of the PCL with TEAC assays showed that these methods provided similar values of antioxidant capacity of the roots. Results showed that antioxidant capacity of roots separated from 6 and 8 days sprouts obtained under dark conditions was higher than that noted for roots separated from sprouts planted in light. The FCR reducing capacity values of roots originated from dark and light-grown sprouts were highly correlated with PCL ACL (r= 0.94 and r=1.00, respectively) and TEAC values (r= 0.98 and r=0.99, respectively). The antioxidant capacity of roots obtained from sprouts produced under dark and light conditions evaluated by PCL and TEAC assay gave almost four and three times higher values than that provided by cyclic experiments. In contrast, an excellent agreement was noted between data provided by FCR reducing capacity and antioxidant capacity obtained by cyclic voltammetric experiments indicating that only part of antioxidants present in the root extracts was able to be oxidized on a glassy carbon electrode. The phenolic compounds were the main antioxidants found in root extracts. It was suggested that antioxidant capacity of roots separated from sprouts may be a potential indicator of sprouts resistance against reactive oxygen intermediates resulting in healthy buckwheat sprouts for a consumer.
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