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Slopes on the Lublin Upland area show frequently small depressions bordering elevations. Farming on a field with diversified area relief is very difficult. In depressions with soil of a high humus content an excessive moisture mointains for a long time in spring, what results in delays of tillage, frequent lodging of cereals and consequently in a drop of yields. On elevations water deficiencies can occur. The tillage of a field with relatively small levelling differences is more difficult and of worse quality. Erosion processes are intensifying there. In 1967 on fields of the Experiment Station a part of the surface of one of the slopes was levelled. Soils of this place were developed from deep loesses. The observations and investigations on consequences of the experimental levelling of the slope were carried out in 1967-1969 and then in 1984-1985. A less in­tensity of erosion processes, facilitation and improvement of the tillage have been found. At the place of a levelled depression on excessive moisture in spring nor lodging of cereals were observed what resulted in an increase of yields.
Valleys in the Lublin Upland are characterized by a considerable differentiation of ecologic conditions of plants on the same valley area. A low efficiency of reclamations carried out on this area is often connected with an insatisfactory recognition or underestimation of the role of differentiating factors. An attempt of determination of factors, which should be taken into consideration in thereclamations carried out on this area, has been undertaken on the basis of literatura, observations and investigations carried out in the Ciemięga river valley. Despite a complex feeding way and a considerable differentiation of water conditions of soils, a decisive role in the formation of water conditions of the valley plays the permanent regulation of water levels in the river and a current maintenance of land reclamation structures in a good functioning state. The applied reclamation systems should take into consideration diversity of conditions in particular valley sectors. Every reclfimation on the area of river valleys of the Lublin Upland should be preceded by a detailed recognition of hydrogeology, soil conditions and erosion on the catchment area and in the river. Such a recogtion would allow, among other things, to distinguish the areas most difficult for reclamation or those designed for building of fish ponds, afforestations, etc. or to leave them untouched as landscape reserves.
Background: Less invasive percutaneous acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR) repair techniques gain popularity because of lower risk of surgical wound complications. But these approaches have an increased risk of sural nerve iatrogenic injury as this sensory nerve is usually not visualised during minimally invasive operative procedures. We compared standard percutaneous Bunnell type and our proposed modified-medialised percutaneous technique in a cadaver study to evaluate potential advantages. Materials and methods: Ten pairs of fresh frozen specimens were divided into two groups for comparative anatomical study. Tenotomies of Achilles tendons were made and wounds sutured. Ten standard and 10 modified-medialised repairs were applied for artificially performed ruptures. All sutured tendons were dissected meticulously. We carefully looked at repaired Achilles tendon end-to-end contact and adaptation, distance from Achilles insertion in calcaneal tubercle to place where sural nerve crosses lateral border of the Achilles tendon and possible sural nerve and vein entrapment. Groups were compared using Fisher’s exact and Student-T tests. Results: All ends of sharply dissected tendons in both groups were in sufficient contact. No measurable diastasis between tendon ends was found in all cases. No entrapment of sural nerve or vein was found in modified percutaneous Bunnell suture technique group, whereas 7 of 10 sural nerves and 9 small saphenous veins were entrapped when using standard percutaneous Bunnell type technique. Average distance from Achilles tendon insertion in tuber calcanei to sural nerve crossing the lateral border of Achilles was 93 mm. Conclusions: Medialisation of percutaneous suture in AATR repair shows clear advantages compared to standard non medialised technique ensuring a possible lower incidence of sural nerve entrapment injury. Our modified percutaneous Bunnell type technique allows sufficient adaptation of ruptured Achilles tendon. (Folia Morphol 2016; 74, 1: 53–59)
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