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The aim of the paper was to present legal regulations pertaining to the protection and registration of traditional and regional food in the European Union and Poland. The paper discusses the conditions which food products must meet to qualify for protection under Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed.
Paratuberculosis (JD) is a chronic contagious inflammation of the intestines of ruminants that causes considerable economic losses. The diagnosis of MAP infections could be the basis for the development of a JD eradication programme. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of JD in cattle herds in two districts of north-eastern Poland. Serum samples taken from 1,203 cattle herds were subjected to a commercial ELISA test (ELISA paratuberculosis screening test®, Institut Pourquier). Animals with positive reactions to paratuberculosis were detected in 76 herds. Considerable differences between the two districts were observed in the results obtained: in District I the seroprevalence of JD amounted to 3.2%, whereas in District II it was 0.8%. The differences in seroprevalence were related to the size of the herds.
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of chronic gastroenteritis in cattle called the Johne’s disease (JD). The disease causes significant economic losses in cattle production. MAP is also supposed to be involved in the Crohn’s disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in people. The detection of the cattle infection based on investigations of milk samples and evaluation of the capacity of the methods used to detect the disease was the objective of the present study. Following methods were applied for milk samples testing: detection of MAP in bacterial culture, detection of the specific IS-900 fragment of MAP in the genetic material isolated directly and detection of MAP antibodies. The results obtained were compared with the “golden standard” results, i.e. the isolation of MAP from the faeces. PQStat-the program for diagnostic reliability estimation, was used for evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. The method based on detection of the specific IS-900 fragment of MAP in the genetic material isolated directly from milk samples was found to possess the highest sensitivity. Detection of anti-MAP antibodies on the other hand showed the lowest sensitivity. The method of detecting anti-MAP antibodies in milk was the most specific while detection of the IS-900 fragment in the genetic material was the least specific method. These results obtained may serve as a guide to choose the most appropriate method for diagnosis of MAP infections by milk sample testing.
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is a chronic, infectious enteritis of both domestic and wild ruminants. Unfortunately, the problem of MAP infections is not linked only with the health status of animals and potential direct and indirect economic losses in bovine herds (of dairy cattle in particular). MAP bacilli present in food of animal origin (milk in particular) are likely to lead to the development od the disease in humans. Fast and effective diagnosis of the disease in animals, especially of its subclinical form, may prevent the transmission of the germ to humans. The study was aimed at analyzing the correlations between the occurance of seropositive and serodoubtful reaction in the ELISA test and the presence of DNA-MAP in udder milk. The results suggest that half of the population of animals with positive and doubtful serological responces against John’s disease are likely to be a potential source of germ transmission into humans. The fact of detecting DNA-MAP in 1/3 of all milk samples points to the likelihood of occurrence ofMAP bacilli in milk of animals not displaying seropositive or serodoubtful responses.
The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis occurrence in raw milk samples from north-eastern Poland. Samples of udder milk were collected from herds in which seropositive reactions on paratuberculosis had been confirmed in samples of bulk tank milk from production farms. Standardization and decontamination of milk samples from fast growing microflora was carried out prior to research which was performed by using the culture method. PCR technique was used to distinguish MAP from other mycobacterium, thus enabling the IS-900 fragment to be detected. The presence of MAP was confirmed in 2.4% of udder milk samples from north-eastern Poland, but none was confirmed in bulk tank milk samples from this region.
Mycoplasma mastitis is one of the most pressing problems in herds of cows, especially in regions of increased milk production. Clinical signs in infected animals are not specific and the diagnosis of its causes should be based on laboratory testing. The classical scheme of investigation used in laboratories does not allow for their detection and should be extended to one of their methods of detection. Increased opportunities to detect mycoplasma are attained by proper storage of the milk samples.
The aim of the study was to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in raw milk samples. DNA from 103 udder milk samples was isolated using the eQIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). IS-900 - a part of genome characteristic for MAP - was detected in 21 samples.
The development of new and modification of previously existing food quality systems are the result of growing consumer demand for quality food. The EU systems guaranteed traditional specialty and geographical indications have been subjected to verification and are designed for these new legal requirements, which are discussed in the article. Moreover, in this article five national systems approved by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development are presented and characterized. Differences between the UE and national food quality systems have been indicated.
Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) in tissues of patients suffering from Crohn's disease has given rise to speculation that this mycobacterium may play some role in the development of this disease in humans. Food products, especially milk obtained from animals infected with paratuberculosis, may be a potential vector of MAP to humans, yet the detection of this pathogen poses a number of difficulties. This study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness of MAP isolation from milk samples. Mycobacteria were detected by means of two methods: direct isolation of DNA using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit by Qiagen, and a culture method with the use of HEYM culture medium. Analyses were carried out on 87 samples of udder cow milk originating from a herd that exhibited seropositive and serodoubtful reactions against paratuberculosis. The presence of an insertion sequence IS-900 was detected in 18 samples of udder milk analyzed with the method of direct DNA isolation and in two samples analyzed by means of the culture method.
During the recent years, an immense increase in the number of food poisoning cases in people caused by Campylobacter (C.) species has occurred. Raw milk, next to poultry meat, is considered the most frequent cause of food poisoning in people caused by the subject bacteria, although it is not always possible to isolate Campylobacter cells from the incriminated milk. Most probably this difficulty is caused by low concentration of the pathogen in milk at the level of 2/3 cells/ml although even such low concentration represents risk to human health. The present study was aimed at determining the occurence of Campylobacter bacteria in milk originating from selected regions of Poland. The isolation method applied in this work was effective in recovering as few as 0.1 cell of Campylobacter per g of food. Among 150 bulk milk samples tested, Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 7 (4.6%) ones. The biochemical identification of the isolated strains conducted by means of conventional biochemical tests as well as by applying the API - Campy tests revealed that all the isolates belonged to the C. jejuni species. Determination of resistance to antibiotics was performed by means of the diffusion disks method for the following antibiotics: gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, doxycyclin and tetracycline. Among 7 isolates tested, all were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and gentamicin, 28.5% to doxycyclin and 14.2% to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin.
The study has described the history of the research of Listeria, starting from 1924 when it was identified for the first time. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Listeria have been described. Furthermore, the occurrence of Listeria in the environment of humans and animals has been presented. Moreover, mechanisms and effectors that influence pathogenesis have been presented as well as the latest information about the extent of presence of listeriosis in European Union countries.
Examination of raw milk samples provides important information to breeders, free practice veterinarians, inspectors, and processing facilities. Milk samples are collected at different stages of the dairy chain. The paper discusses most of the directions in which raw milk samples are tested at the stages of milk collection and storage. In order to standardize the proceedings prior to laboratory analysis, the paper cites regulations and guidelines specifying the appropriate sampling of milk, as well as the transport and storage of samples. Each sample collected for testing should be accompanied by a document that identifies the sample and the batch from which it was collected. Proper pre-analytical procedures are an important factor influencing the results of laboratory tests.
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