Significance of low-carbohydrate diets and fasting in patients with cancer

• Autorzy: Szypowska A. , Regulska-Ilow B.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The differences between the metabolism and the physiology of cancer cells and the cells of the human body are assessed and used in most anticancer treatments. These differences encompass, among others, increased glucose metabolism in the changed cells. The aim of the paper was to discuss the results of studies concerning the relationship between lowcarbohydrate diets and fasting and the course of cancer. An inappropriately composed diet consisting of high amounts of simple sugars supplies cancer cells with nutrients, which may impair the effectiveness of cancer patients treatment. Lowcarbohydrate diets may, therefore, constitute an element of supplementary therapy in cancer treatment. The mechanism of low-carbohydrate diets in combination with standard treatment has not been completely explained, though. In initial studies it was proven that patients who were able to continue low-carbohydrate diets showed improvement in health and reduction of tumor mass or its slower growth. Moreover, it was observed that the inability of cancer cells to adapt in new environmental conditions that occur while fasting may have toxic effect on them. Introduction of fasting may sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy, decrease concentration of growth factors and lead to repair of normal cells. On the other hand, fasting may also promote autophagy and, as can be concluded from the literature, its mechanism may have twofold activity: as a process impacting the survival or death of cancer cells.

PL

W większości terapii przeciwnowotworowych oceniane i wykorzystywane są różnice między metabolizmem i fizjologią komórek nowotworowych, a komórkami ciała człowieka. Różnice te obejmują między innymi nasilony metabolizm glukozy w zmienionych komórkach. Celem pracy było omówienie wyników badań na temat związku diet niskowęglowodanowych i głodówek z przebiegiem choroby nowotworowej. Nieodpowiednio skomponowana dieta składająca się ze znacznej ilości cukrów prostych dostarcza składniki odżywcze komórkom nowotworowym, co może pogarszać skuteczność leczenia pacjentów onkologicznych. Diety niskowęglowodanowe mogą więc stanowić element terapii uzupełniającej w chorobie nowotworowej. Mechanizm działania diet niskowęglowodanowych w połączeniu ze standardowym leczeniem nie został jednak w pełni wyjaśniony. We wstępnych badaniach wykazano, że pacjenci, którzy byli w stanie kontynuować diety niskowęglowodanowe wykazywali poprawę stanu zdrowia, zmniejszenie masy guza lub jego spowolniony wzrost. Ponadto zaobserwowano, że niezdolność komórek nowotworowych do adaptacji w nowych warunkach środowiska, jakie występują podczas głodzenia, może działać na nie toksycznie. Wprowadzenie postu może uwrażliwić komórki nowotworowe na chemioterapię, zmniejszać stężenie czynników wzrostu i prowadzić do naprawy prawidłowych komórek. Z drugiej strony post może również promować proces autofagii, a jak wynika z piśmiennictwa, jej mechanizm może mieć działanie dwukierunkowe: jako proces wpływający na przeżycie lub śmierć komórek nowotworowych.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
• Rocznik: 2019
• Tom: 70
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.325-336,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Szypowska A.

• Department of Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

autor

Regulska-Ilow B.

• Department of Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Allen B.G., Bhatia S.K., Buatti J.M., Brandt K.E., Lindholm K.E, Button A.M., Szweda L.I., Smith B.J., Spitz D.R., Fath M.A.: Ketogenic diets enhance oxidative stress and radio-chemo-therapy responses in lung cancer xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19(14): 3905-3913 doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0287.
• 2. Amari A., Turner Z., Rubenstein J.E., Miller J.R., Kossoff E.H.: Exploring the relationship between preferences for high fat foods and efficacy of the ketogenic and modified Atkins diets among children with seizure disorders. Seizure 2015; 25: 173-177 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.11.001.
• 3. Anderson C.M., Loth E., Opat E., Bodeker K., Ahmann L., Parkhurst J., Sun W., Furqan M., Laux D., Brown H., Vollstedt S., Follmer K., Ma D., Spitz D., Fath M., Buatti J., Allen B.G.: A Phase 1 Trial of Ketogenic Diet With Concurrent Chemoradiation (CRT) in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 94(4): 898 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.12.104.
• 4. Atkins R.C.: Atkins new diet revolution. New York, HarpPeren, 2002.
• 5. Auvin S.: Non-pharmacological medical treatment in pediatric epilepsies. Rev Neurol 2016; 172(3): 182-185 doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.12.009.
• 6. Ayala F.R., Rocha R.M., Carvalho K.C., Carvalho A.L., da Cunha I.W., Lourenço S.V., Soares F.A.: Glut1 and Glut3 as potential prognostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Molecules 2010; 15(4): 2374–2387 doi: 10.3390/molecules15042374.
• 7. Ballard-Barbash R., Schatzkin A., Taylor P.R., Khale L.L.: Association of change in body mass with breast cancer. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2152-2155.
• 8. Barber M., Rogers B.B.: Advances in the management of tumor-induced weight loss. Available https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/440532_2 (Accessed 10.12.2018)
• 9. Bergqvist A.G., Schall J.I., Stallings V.A., Zemel B.S.: Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(6): 1678–1684 doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26099.
• 10. Bize L.B., Oberley L.W., Morris H.P.: Superoxide dismutase and superoxide radical in Morris hepatomas. Cancer Res 1980; 40(10): 3686–3693.
• 11. Brandhorst S., Choi I.Y., Wei M., Cheng C.W., Sedrakyan S., Navarrete G., Dubeau L., Yap L.P., Park R., Vinciguerra M., Di Biase S., Mirzaei H., Mirisola M.G., Childress P., Ji L., Groshen S., Penna F., Odetti P., Perin L., Conti P.S., Ikeno Y., Kennedy B.K., Cohen P., Morgan T.E., Dorff T.B., Longo V.D.: A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab 2015; 22(1): 86-89 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012.
• 12. Brandon M., Baldi P., Wallace D.C.: Mitochondrial mutations in cancer. Oncogene 2006; 25(34): 4647-4662.
• 13. Champ, C.E., Palmer, J.D., Volek, J.S., Werner-Wasik, M., Andrews D.W., Evans, J.J., Glass, J., Kim L., Shi W.: Targeting metabolism with a ketogenic diet during the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2014; 117(1): 125-131 doi: 10.1007/s11060-014-1362-0.
• 14. Cuervo A.M., Bergamini E., Brunk U.T., Dröge W., French M., Terman A.: Autophagy and aging: the importance of maintaining “clean” cells. Autophagy 2005; 1(3): 131-140.
• 15. Czekajło A., Różańska D., Mandecka A., Konikowska K., Madalińska M., Szuba A., Regulska-Ilow B.: Glycemic load and carbohydrates content in the diets of cancer patients. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2017; 68(3): 261-268.
• 16. Dang C.V.: Rethinking the Warburg effect with Myc micromanaging glutamine metabolism. Cancer Res 2010; 70(3): 859-862 doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3556.
• 17. DeBerardinis R.J., Cheng T.: Q’s next: the diverse functions of glutamine in metabolism, cell biology and cancer. Oncogene 2010, 29(3); 313-324 doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.358.
• 18. de Groot S., Vreeswijk M.P., Welters M.J., Gravesteijn G., Boei J.J., Jochems A., Houtsma D., Putter H., van der Hoeven J.J., Nortier J.W., Pijl H., Kroep J.R.: The effects of short-term fasting on tolerance to (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-negative breast cancer patients: a randomized pilot study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 652 doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1663-5.
• 19. Derr R.L., Ye X., Islas M.U., Desideri S., Saudek C.D., Grossman S.A.: Association between hyperglycemia and survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(7); 1082-1086 doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.1098.
• 20. Dhamija R., Eckert S., Wirrell E.: Ketogenic diet. Can J Neurol Sci 2013; 40(2): 158–167.
• 21. Di Biase S., Lee C., Brandhorst S., Manes B., Buono R., Cheng C.W., Cacciottolo M., Martin-Montalvo A., de Cabo R., Wei M., Morgan T.E., Longo V.D.: Fasting-mimicking diet reduces HO-1 to promote T cellmediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Cell 2016; 30(1): 136–146 doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.06.005.
• 22. Fietkau R., Lewitzki V., Kuhnt T., Hölscher T., Hess C.F., Berger B., Wiegel T., Rödel C., Niewald M., Hermann R.M., Lubgan D.: A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Cancer 2013; 119(18): 3343-3353 doi: 10.1002/cncr.28197.
• 23. Fine E.J., Segal-Isaacson C.J., Feinman R.D., Herszkopf S., Romano M.C., Tomuta N., Bontempo A.F., Negassa A., Sparano J.A.: Targeting insulin inhibition as a metabolic therapy in advanced cancer: a pilot safety and feasibility dietary trial in 10 patients. Nutrition 2012; 28(10): 1028-1035 doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.001.
• 24. Fukao, T., Lopaschuk, G.D., Mitchell, G.A.: Pathways and control of ketone body metabolism: on the fringe of lipid biochemistry. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70(3): 243-251.
• 25. Fung T.T., Hu F.B., Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Holmes M.D.: Low-carbohydrate diets, dietary approaches to stop hypertension-style diets, and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174(6): 652–660 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr148.
• 26. Ganapathy V., Thangaraju M., Prasad P.D.: Nutrient transporters in cancer: relevance to Warburg hypothesis and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 121(1): 29-40 doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.005.
• 27. Genistein Supplementation to Mitigate Cardiometabolic Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer (GeniPro). Available https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02766478(Accessed 20.11.2018)
• 28. Gonzalez-Menendez P., Hevia D., Alonso-Arias R., Alvarez-Artime A., Rodriguez-Garcia A., Kinet S., Gonzalez-Pola I., Taylor N., Mayo J.C., Sainza R.M.: GLUT1 protects prostate cancer cells from glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2018; 17: 112-127 doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.017.
• 29. Hayashi A., Kumada T., Nozaki F. Hiejima I., Miyajima T., Fujii T.: Changes in serum levels of selenium, zinc and copper in patients on a ketogenic diet using Keton formula. No To Hattatsu 2013; 45(4): 288–293.
• 30. Hirschey M.D., DeBerardinis R. J., Diehl A.M.E., Drew J.E., Frezza C., Green M.F., Jones L.W., Ko Y.H., Le A., Lea M.A., Locasale J.W., Longo V.D., Lyssiotis C.A., McDonnell E., Mehrmohamadi M., Michelotti G., Muralidhar V., Murphy M., Pedersen PL., Poore B., Raffaghello L., Rathmell J.C., Sivanand S., Vander Heiden M.G., Wellen K.E.: Dysregulated metabolism contributes to oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35: 129–150 doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.10.002.
• 31. Hursting S.D., Smith S.M., Lashinger L.M., Harvey A.E., Perkins S.N.: Calories and carcinogenesis: lessons learned from 30 years of calorie restriction research. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31(1):83–89 doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgp280.
• 32. Imayama I., Ulrich C.M., Alfanao C.M., Wang C., Xiao L., Wner M.H., Campbell K.L., Duggan C., Foster-Schubert K.E., Kong A., Mason C.E., Wnag C.Y., Blackburn G.L., Bain C.E., Thompson H.J., McTiernan A.: Effects of a caloric restriction weight loss diet and exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Res 2012; 72(9): 2314–2326 doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3092.
• 33. Impact of Dietary Intervention on Tumor Immunity: the DigesT Trial (DIgesT). Available https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03454282 (Accessed 20.11.2018)
• 34. Jain S.K., Kannan K., Lim G.: Ketosis (acetoacetate) can generate oxygen radicals and cause increased lipid peroxidation and growth inhibition in human endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25(9): 1083-1088.
• 35. Jeswani, S., Nuño, M., Folkerts, V., Mukherjee, D., Black, K.L., Patil, C.G.: Comparison of survival between cerebellar and supratentorial glioblastoma patients: surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) analysis. Neurosurgery 2013; 73(2): 240-246 doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000430288.85680.37.
• 36. Kagawa Y.: Impact of Westernization on the nutrition of Japanese: changes in physique, cancer, longevity and centenarians. Prev Med 1978; 7(2): 205-217.
• 37. Kałędkiewicz E., Szostak-Węgierek D.: Current and past adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research recommendations in survivors of breast cancer. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2019; 70(3): 295-305.
• 38. Kałędkiewicz E., Szostak-Węgierek D.: Dietary practices and nutritional status in survivors of breast cancer. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2018; 69(2): 175-182.
• 39. Kang H. C., Joo Kim Y.J., Wook K. D., Dong K. H.: Efficacy and safety of the ketogenic diet for intractable childhood epilepsy: Korean multicentric experience. Epilepsia 2005; 46(2):272–279.
• 40. Kim J.W., Dang C.V.: Cancer’s molecular sweet tooth and the warburg effect. Cancer Res 2006; 66(18): 8927-8930.
• 41. Klement R. J., Champ C., Otto C., Kämmerer U.: Anti-tumor effects of ketogenic diets in mice: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11(5): e0155050 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155050.
• 42. Klement R.J., Sweeney R.A.: Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: I Initial clinical experience with 6 prospectively studied patients. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9: 143 doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-1959-9.
• 43. Kłęk S., Jankowski M., Kruszewski W., Fijuth J., Kapała A., Kabata P., Wysocki P., Krzakowski M., Rutkowski P.: Standardy leczenia żywieniowego w onkologii [Clinical nutrition in oncology: Polish recommendations]. Onkol Prakt Klin Edu 2015; 1(1): 19-36 (in Polish).
• 44. Knekt P., Albanes D., Seppänen R., Aromaa A., Järvinen R., Hyvönen L., Teppo L., Pukkala E.: Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52(5): 903-908.
• 45. Kusuoka O., Fujiwara-Tani R., Nakashima C., Fujii K., Ohmori H., Mori T., Kishi S., Miyagawa Y., Goto K., Kawahara I., Kuniyasu H.: Intermittent calorie restriction enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the alteration of energy metabolism in a mouse tumor model. Int J Oncol 2018; 52(2): 413-423 doi: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4229.
• 46. Lee C., Raffaghello L., Brandhorst S., Safdie F.M., Bianchi G., Martin-Montalvo A., Pistoia V., Wei M., Hwang S., Merlino A., Emionite L., de Cabo R., Longo V.D.: Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4(124): 124-127 doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003293.
• 47. Levine B., Kroemer G.: Autophagy in aging, disease and death: the true identity of a cell death impostor. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16(1): 1-2 doi: 10.1038/cdd.2008.139.
• 48. Lieberman B.P., Ploessl K., Wang L., Qu W., Zha Z., Wise D.R., Chodosh L.A., Belka G., Thompson C.B., Kung H.F.: PET imaging of glutaminolysis in tumors by 18F-(2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamine. J Nucl Med 2011; 52(12): 1947-1955 doi: 10.2967/jnumed.111.093815.
• 49. Lin H., Patel S., Affleck V.S., Wilson I., Turnbull D.M., Joshi A.R., Maxwell R., Stoll E.A.: Fatty acid oxidation is required for the respiration and proliferation of malignant glioma cells. Neuro-oncol 2017; 19(1): 43-54 doi: 10.1093/neuonc/now128.
• 50. Liu B., Cheng Y., Liu Q., Bao J.K., Yang J.M.: Autophagic pathways as new targets for cancer drug development. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31(9): 1154-1164 doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.118.
• 51. Lock R., Roy S., Kenific C.M., Su J.S., Salas E., Ronen S.M., Debnath J.: Autophagy facilitates glycolysis during Ras-mediated oncogenic transformation. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22(2): 165−178 doi: 10.1091/mbc.E10-06-0500.
• 52. Longo V.D., Fontana L.: Calorie restriction and cancer prevention: metabolic and molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31(2), 89-98 doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.004.
• 53. Lv M., Zhu X., Wang H., Wang F., Guan W.: Roles of caloric restriction, ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting during initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer in animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One 2014; 9(12): e115147 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115147.
• 54. Marinac C.R.,Nelson S.H., Breen C.I., Hartman S.I., Natarajan L., Pierce J.P., Flatt S.W., Sears D.S., Patterson, R.E.: Prolonged nightly fasting and breast cancer prognosis. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2(8): 1049–1055 doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0164.
• 55. Mattison J.A., Roth G.S., Beasley T.M., Tilmon E.M., Handy A.M., Herbert R.L., Longo D.L., Allison D.B., Young J.E., Bryant M., Barnard D., Ward W.F., Qi W., Ingram D.K., de Cabo R.: Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 2012; 489(7415): 318–321 doi: 10.1038/nature11432.
• 56. Maycotte P., Thorburn A.: Autophagy and cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11(2): 127-137.
• 57. Mayer A., Vaupel P., Struss H. G., Giese A., Stockinger M., Schmidberger H.: Strong adverse prognostic impact of hyperglycemic episodes during adjuvant chemoradiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190(10): 933-938 doi: 10.1007/s00066-014-0696-z.
• 58. McNally M.A., Pyzik P.L., Rubenstein J.E., Hamdy R.F., Kossoff E.H.: Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet. Pediatrics 2009; 124(2): e300–e304 doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0217.
• 59. Mehra K., Berkowitz A., Sanft T.: Diet, physical activity, and body weight in cancer survivorship. Med Clin North Am 2017; 101(6): 1151-1165 doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.06.004.
• 60. Mikawa T., LLeonart M.E., Takaori-Kondo A., Inagaki N., Yokode M., Kondoh H.: Dysregulated glycolysis as an oncogenic event. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72(10): 1881–1892 doi: 10.1007/s00018-015-1840-3.
• 61. Mizushima N., Levine B., Cuervo A.M., Klionsky D.J.: Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature 2008; 451(7182): 1069–1075 doi: 10.1038/nature06639.
• 62. Mosek A., Natour H., Neufeld M.Y., Shiff Y., Vaisman N.: Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: A prospective pilot study. J Epilepsy Res 2009; 18(1): 30–33 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2008.06.001.
• 63. Nebeling L., Miraldi F., Shurin S., Lerner E.: Effects of a ketogenic diet on tumor metabolism and nutritional status in pediatric oncology patients: two case reports. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14: 202-208.
• 64. Opie L.H.: Lifestyle and diet. Cardiovasc J Afr 2014; 25(6): 298–301 doi: 10.5830/CVJA-2014-063.
• 65. Pavlova N.N., Thompson C.B.: The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism., Cell Metab 2016; 23(1), 27–47 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.006.
• 66. Renehan, A. G., Soerjomataram I., Leitzman M. F.: Interpreting the epidemiological evidence linking obesity and cancer: a framework for population attributable risk estimations in Europe. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46(14): 2581–2592 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.052.
• 67. Rieger J., Bähr O., Maurer G.B., Hattingen E., Franz K., Brucker D., Walenta S., Kämmerer U., Coy J.F., Weller M., Steinbach J.P.: ERGO: A pilot study of ketogenic diet in recurrent glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 44(6): 1843–1852 doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2382.
• 68. Rigo P., Paulus P., Kaschten B.J., Hustinx R., Bury T., Jerusalem G., Benoit T., Foidart-Willems J.: Oncological applications of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Eur J Nucl Med 1996; 23(12): 1641–1674.
• 69. Safdie F.M., Dorff T., Quinn D., Fontana L., Wei M., Lee C., Cohen P., Longo V.D.: Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report. Aging 2009; 1(12): 988-1007.
• 70. Safety, Feasibility and Metabolic Effects of the Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD) in Cancer Patients. Available https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03340935 (Accessed 20.11.2018)
• 71. Sampath A., Kossoff E, Furth S, Pyzik P., Vining M.D.: Kidney stones and the ketogenic diet: risk factors and prevention. J Child Neurol 2007; 22(4): 375–378.
• 72. Schmidt M., Pfetzer N.,Schwab M., Strauss I., Kämmerer U.: Effects of a ketogenic diet on the quality of life in 16 patients with advanced cancer: a pilot trial. Nutr Metab 2011; 8(1): 54 doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-54.
• 73. Schwingshackl L., Schwedhelm C., Galbete C. Hoffmann G.: Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and risk of cancer: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9(10): E1063 doi: 10.3390/nu9101063.
• 74. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, 2015. Available https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/445503/SACN_Carbohydrates_and_Health.pdf, (Accessed 10.12.2018)
• 75. Shaafi S., Mahmoudi J., Pashapour A., Farhoudi M., Sadigh-Eteghad S., Akbari H.: Ketogenic diet provides neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke neuronal damages. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4(2):479-481 doi: 10.5681/apb.2014.071.
• 76. Silvera S.A., Jain M., Howe G.R., Miller A.B., Rohan T.E.: Dietary carbohydrates and breast cancer risk: A prospective study of the roles of overall glycemic index and glycemic load. Int J Cancer. 2005; 114(4): 653–658.
• 77. Simone B.A., Champ C.E., Rosenberg A.L., Berger A.C., Monti D.A., Dicker A.P., Simone N.L.: Selectively starving cancer cells through dietary manipulation: methods and clinical implications. Future Oncol 2013; 9(7): 959–976 doi: 10.2217/fon.13.31.
• 78. Spitz D.R., Sim J.E., Ridnour L.A., Galoforo S.S., Lee Y.J.: Glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress in human tumor cells. A fundamental defect in metabolism? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 899: 349-362.
• 79. Sun P., Wang H., He Z., Chen X., Wu Q., Chen W., Sun Z., Weng M., Zhu M., Ma D., Miao C.: Fasting inhibits colorectal cancer growth by reducing M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Oncotarget 2017; 8(43): 74649–74660 doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20301.
• 80. Suzuki M., Wilcox B.J., Wilcox C.D.: Implications from and for food cultures for cardiovascular disease: longevity. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001; 10(2): 165-171.
• 81. Tan-Shalaby J.L., Carrick J., Edinger K., Genovese D., Liman A.D., Passero V.A., Shah R.B.: Modified Atkins diet in advanced malignancies - final results of a safety and feasibility trial within the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13: 52 doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0113-y.
• 82. Tisdale M., Brennan R., Fearon K.: Reduction of weight loss and tumour size in a cachexia model by a high fat diet. Br J Cancer 1987; 56(1): 39-43.
• 83. Tóth C., Clemens Z.: Halted progression of a soft palate cancer in a patient treated with the paleolithic ketogenic diet alone: A 20-months follow up. Am. J Case Rep 2016; 8(4): 288-292 doi: 10.12691/ajmcr-4-8-8.
• 84. Tóth C., Clemens Z.: Treatment of rectal cancer with the paleolithic ketogenic diet: A 24-months follow-up. Am J Case Rep 2017; 8(5): 205-216 doi:10.12691/ajmcr-5-8-3.
• 85. Ujpál M., Matos O., Bíbok G., Somogyi A., Szabó G., Suba Z.: Diabetes and oral tumors in Hungary: epidemiological correlations. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(3): 770-774.
• 86. Van Niekerk G., Hattingh S. M., Engebrecht A.M.: Enhanced therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients by shortterm fasting: The autophagy connection. Front Oncol 2016; 6: 242 doi: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00242.
• 87. Veech, R.L.: The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: The effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: Ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70(3): 309-319.
• 88. Végh, D., Bányai, D., Ujpál, M.: Change in the incidence of diabetes mellitus in oral cancer patients based on a longterm comparative stud. Fogorv Sz 2015; 108(1): 9-12.
• 89. Warburg O.: On the origin of cancer cells. Science 1956; 123(3191): 309-314.
• 90. Westman E.C., Feinman R.D., Mavropoulos J.C., Vernon M.C., Volek J.S., Wortman J.A., Yancy W.S., Phinney S. D.: Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(2): 276-284.
• 91. Westman E.C., Yancy W.S.., Mavropoulos J.C., Marquart M., McDuffie J.R.: The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008; 5: 36 doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-36.
• 92. Whalen K.A., Judd S., McCullough M.L., Flanders W.D., Hartman T.J., Bostick R.M.: Paleolithic and Mediterranean Diet pattern scores are inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in adults. J Nutr 2017; 147(4): 612-620 doi: 10.3945/jn.116.241919.
• 93. Wheless J.W.: History and origin of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2008; Suppl 8:3-5 doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01821.x.
• 94. Wu W.K., Coffelt S.B., Cho C.H., Wang X.J., Lee C.W., Chan F.K., Yu J., Sung J.J.: The autophagic paradox in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2012; 31(8): 939-953 doi: 10.1038/onc.2011.295.
• 95. Xia S., Lin R., Jin L., Zhao L., Kang H.B., Pan Y., Liu S., Qian G., Qian Z., Konstantakou E., Zhang B., Dong J.T., Chung Y.R., Abdel-Wahab O., Merghoub T., Zhou L., Kudchadkar R.R., Lawson D.H., Khoury H.J., Khuri F.R., Boise L.H., Lonial S., Lee B.H., Pollack B.P., Arbiser J.L., Fan J., Lei Q.Y., Chen J.: Prevention of dietary fat-fueled ketogenesis attenuates BRAF V600E tumor growth. Cell Metab 2017; 25(2): 358–373 doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.010.
• 96. Yancy W. S., Olsen M. K., Guyton J. R., Bakst R. P., Westman E. C.: A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140(10): 769–777.
• 97. Yang S., Kimmelman A.C.: A critical role for autophagy in pancreatic cancer. Autophagy 2011; 7(8): 912–913.
• 98. Zhang J., Jia P.P., Liu Q.L., Cong M.H., Gao Y., Shi H.P., Yu W.N., Miao M.Y.: Low ketolytic enzyme levels in tumors predict ketogenic diet responses in cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. J Lipid Res 2018; 59(4): 625-634 doi: 10.1194/jlr.M082040.
• 99. Zuccoli G., Marcello N., Pisanello A. Servadei F., Vaccaro S., Mukherjee P., Seyfried T.N.: Metabolic management of glioblastoma multiforme using standard therapy together with a restricted ketogenic diet: Case Report. Nutr Metab 2010; 7: 33 doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-33.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.32394/rpzh.2019.0083