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Phenolic compounds were extracted with 60% methanol (after purification with acetone) from the ears of two winter triticale cultivars (Dagro and Malno). Total phenols were determined and five phenylpropanoid acids were identified. Separation of phenylpropanoids was carried out in a H PLC column - C,8 Eurospher with the use of KNAUER isocratic system. A mixture of methanol- -0.1 M KH2P04 (55: 45) was used as a mobile phase. The obtained results showed that the contents of total phenols and caffeic acid were higher in Malno than in Dagro. The concentration of four other phenylpropanoid acids was higher in Dagro.
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The aim of this research has been to assess and compare the economic efficiency of production technologies used to grow a semi-dwarf winter triticale cultivar Gniewko. The method based on the standard gross margin (SGM) was used for the economic evaluation of the two production technology differentiated costs level. The analyzed material consisted of results achieved during a three-year field experiment located at the Experimental Station in Bałcyny near Ostróda. Technologies with the highest and lowest average yields were selected for comparisons. The compared technologies differed from each other in the rate of nitrogen fertilization and fungicides. The more intensive winter triticale technology in field trial, the greater the financial values of winter triticale yield as well as direct costs and direct surplus. The direct costs analysis references to the positive verification of the research hypothesis. The increase of the direct surplus value, which accounted 25.2%, was recorded when the intensity of cultivation increased. Increasing inputs for winter triticale production up to the level of intensive technology in trial conditions was economically justifiable.
Wykorzystując wysokosprawną chromatografię cieczową (HPLC) zbadano występowanie i oznaczono zawartość związków polifenolowych w liściach dwóch odmian pszenżyta ozimego (Dagro i Malno). Wyodrębniono frakcję wolnych polifenoli w siedmiu fazach rozwojowych pszenżyta i poddano ją analizie chromatograficznej na kolumnie z odwróconymi fazami (Eurospher C-18) w warunkach izokratycznych. Jako fazę rozwijającą zastosowano metanol - 0, IM KH2P04 (55:45). Zidentyfikowano i oznaczono zawartość pięciu związków polifenolowych, tj. katecholu, kumaryny, kwasu chlorogenowego, rutyny i (-)-epikatechiny. Dominującym polifenolem liści badanych odmian pszenżyta ozimego był kwas chlorogenowy. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, iż skład jakościowy i wysoka zawartość oznaczonych polifenoli w liściach odmiany Malno ma duży wpływ na jej konstytucyjną odporność na mszyce zbożowe.
The total amount of the identified phenolics was similar in leaves of both cultivars noninfested by the insects. However, higher content of ferulic acid and o-coumaric acid was found in the less acceptable triticale (Lamberto cv.) than in more acceptable Marko cv. After infestation an increase in content of the most phenolics was observed. The cereal leaf beetle brought the highest changes in the gallic, chlorogenic, salicylic, syringic and ferulic acid. The grain aphid feeding resulted in the increase of gallic, chlorogenic, vanilic, caffeic, syringic and salicylic acids. Moreover, much higher induction of phenolic biosynthesis occurred within seedlings of Lambero cv. than in Marko one. The differences in phenolic acids level within triticale tissues induced by the chewing and sucking-piercing insects are discussed.
The present paper presents the results of research carried out over 1998-2001 which aimed at defining the after-effect of undersown intercrops and straw on the degree of weed infestation and yielding of winter triticale. The experiment involved two factors: I - fertilization with undersown intercrop (control, manure, birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot trefoil + Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass); II - potato fertilization with barley straw (without straw, with straw). In the first year after organic fertilization table potatoes were cultivated, and in the second year - `Tornado´ cultivar winter triticale. The lowest weed infestation was recorded in the field of winter triticale for the forecrop fertilized with a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil with Italian ryegrass. Potato fertilization with undersown intercrops and barley straw showed a positive after-effect on the grain yield, grain yield structure components, straw yield and total protein yield of winter triticale grain. The highest grain yields, of the highest grain yield structure components values, straw yield, as well as total protein yield of grain were obtained from winter triticale cultivated after potato, under which a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil with Italian ryegrass and barley straw were ploughed-in.
During the period of three successive years, in microplot experiments, the effects of sprouting damage of winter triticale seeds on yield, number of spikes, weight of 1,000 seeds and yield of seeds per spike were investigated. The significance of variability sources was determined on the basis of a test carried out according to the mixed model in which years were the random factor and the degrees of sprouting damage and cultivars were the constant factors The results obtained point to a significant decrease in the number of spikes in plants developed from the most sprouted seeds and, in consequence, to a decrease in yield in unfavourable years.
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