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The authors also discuss the chosen park complexes describing their history, composition and vegetation. Due to the prevailing heat here, an important role in the gardens of the area plays water in: canals, fountains and cascades. Pergolas and trees designed in the parks, give shadow. In the parks there grow colorful and fragrant plants such as cypresses, orange trees, pomegranates, oleanders, myrtles, water lilies, wisteria and palm trees. Equipment and small architecture is varied in the choice of materials, textures and colors. Modern Islamic landscape architecture continues to derive from its heritage, while seeking some new forms.
The dynamic urbanization process, which results from widespread anthropogenic transformation, affects landscape changes. These changes, measured using various factors and indices, are the subject of research around the world. The purpose of the present work was to analyse the spatial structure of anthropogenic elements of land cover. On the basis of the landscape metric – the MSI index (Mean Shape Index), the geometry configuration of individual land cover elements was checked. A Kernel Density tool was used to create a map of the elements of density distribution. The information thus obtained about the surface of anthropogenic elements of land cover expressed in [m²], per 1 km² of space, made it possible to indicate the location of areas most transformed by human activity. The area of research encompassed urban municipalities – of Tarnów and Nowy Sącz. As the source material, the vector layer of land cover was used (BDOT10k –Topographic Objects Database), which was reclassified into 11 new categories. The GIS (Geographical Information System) tools available in the QGIS and ArcGIS software were used for the purpose of the analysis. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that despite a similar percentage of anthropogenic elements of land cover, the studied areas show a different character in terms of their spatial distribution and complexity of their geometry. In the case of Nowy Sącz, small point enclaves of areas showing high density of anthropogenically transformed surfaces were observed. These surfaces are characterized by a considerable degree of dispersion but a small degree of geometrical complexity. In the city of Tarnów, the research we conducted showed a different tendency due to the much larger size of the aforementioned enclaves. Tarnów is characterized by a higher share of developed areas in the city centre, whereas Nowy Sącz is more uniform in the growth of such areas in particular density zones. Moreover, in Tarnów, along with the increase in the density of the anthropogenic land cover, the complexity of the geometry of land cover elements decreases, whereas in the case of Nowy Sącz, the value of the MSI landscape metric is proportionally inversed.
Emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants of the air have given rise to a host of environmental problems on global, regional and local scales. Issues such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid deposition and urban air pollution have received considerable attention in recent years and have been the focus of major international research projects and collaborative monitoring programmes. In the last twenty years there has been a strong need for an integrated approach to air quality in urban and remote areas by developing environmental information technology. The most important international efforts in this field are presented in this review.
The metamorphosis from land cover to land use for urban, industrial, and other socio-economic developments in Kuwait has remarkably evolved the “coastal morphological landscape (CML)” such that the impact has decreased carrying capacity. Information on carrying capacity is vital for decision makers to take immediate steps in preserving the coast. Mitigation and control measures are essentially required to lower human interference and to increase carrying capacity. It is noted that among 12 existing anthropogenic activities commanding the impact on carrying capacity of CML, only 3 were positive, significant, irreversible, direct and indirect, and long term; whereas others were negative, significant, irreversible, direct and indirect, and long term. It was found that all 12 categories of ongoing and future projects would have negative impacts ranging from high (severe) to very high (chronic) levels on carrying capacity of CML, evaluated as significant, irreversible, direct and indirect and long term. The study lists preventive measures that can reduce negative impact to achieve considerable levels of sustainability.
Subject and purpose of work: Urban transport is a key element of the functioning of urban agglomerations around the world. As it is of strategic importance, the needs of its users have to be diagnosed. Due to the fact that students are the most numerous social group using public transport, particular attention should be paid to students as the real creators of the needs of urban transport. The paper aims to diagnose the challenges in urban transport shaped by the process of studentification based on the case study of Toruń. Materials and methods: The multi-stage research approach was adopted, among others a survey among students. The choice of the research area was determined by the fact that Toruń is one of the largest academic centres in Poland. Results: Toruń is experiencing the effects of the studentification process in different dimensions, including the spatial and transport facets. Conclusions: The majority of students use public transport, daily or several times a week. The most preferred means of transport is the tram owing to its relative speed and punctuality.
Water dependent ecosystems are habitats most vulnerable to urbanization pressure. There are not many such habitats in Warsaw. Those which remained are mostly dewatered sites existing within green areas such as parks. Habitats with peat and moorsh soils have a unique value, thus there is a rational need for detailed research and evaluation to preserve them. This paper is a case-study of two different water dependent ecosystems, localized within the boundaries of Poland’s capital city, both remaining under strong urbanization pressure. Different actions were undertaken to preserve those habitats, with differing results. We examined tendencies of vegetation during recent 20–30 years, basing on fl oristical data. In the areas, where water regime has been disrupted, like Natural Landscape Complex “Olszyna” a significant decline of plants rare in the scale of Warsaw is being noticed. Habitats not disturbed by human interference like ”Zakole Wawerskie” do not suffer significant changes, even an increase of rare plants was marked. Presence of water dependent ecosystems is also correlated with population density. In the areas of highest population density these habitats occur seldom, are of a small size and have simplified border zones. The only areas within Warsaw borders where water dependent ecosystems maintained are the urban parks. In the last decades a progressive decline of wetlands is being noticed, which was also confirmed in this study. The only real chance for further preservation of this areas is to create biodiversity hotspots and good recreation infrastructure.
The results of winter checks in drainage systems of three cities in northern Poland are presented. The analysis of importance of this type of roosts for hibernating bats is conducted. In total 7524 bats were counted in the winter 2013: 3412 individuals in Olsztyn, 3403 in Piła and 709 in Koszalin. Higher number of bats than in rainwater sewers of Olsztyn and Piła was observed in Nietoperek Reserve only. Six bat species were recorded in checked rainwater sewage systems: Myotis nattereri, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis myotis, Plecotus auritus, Barbastella barbastellus and bats from Myotis mystacinus complex. Urban sewage systems are important especially for Myotis nattereri. This species dominates in all checked objects, with 3314 individuals in Olsztyn, 2532 in Piła and 597 in Koszalin. Given the sheer size of the drainage systems, this type of roosts may belong to the most important hibernation sites, particularly for M. nattereri and M. daubentonii.
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