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Non-structural carbohydrates in plant organs can mirror the plant overall carbon supply status and balance and can also provide evidence for their health evaluation in the ecosystem. Non-structural carbohydrates in Kobresia pygmaea, one dominant herbaceous species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were measured to investigate altitudinal variation in non-structural carbohydrate accumulations, as well as engineering disturbance on the stability of the alpine grassland ecosystem. An increasing trend with elevation in total soluble sugars, fructose, and sucrose was detected in the K. pygmaea growing in both undisturbed and disturbed sites. However, there were higher amounts and a more distinctly altitudinal trend of non-structural carbohydrates with a minor fluctuation in undisturbed sites compared to disturbed sites. In addition, the altitudinal trend of sucrose is similar to that in sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase activities, while it is opposite to that in neutral invertase and soluble acid invertase activities, suggesting that the sucrose accumulation was primarily related to its synthesis. These results revealed that human disturbance resulted in a reduced carbon supply and altered the balance of carbohydrate utilization in plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
The aim of the work was to determine the effect of sugar, pectin, and L-ascorbic acid added to strawberries on the selected physico-chemicaI and organoleptic traits of the frozen product. Powdered sugar at a dose of 10 g per 100 g of fruit or as the 60% syrup was used without any other substance or with an addition of pectin or ascorbic acid. The pectin preparation in a 1,5% solution at a dose of 10 g per 100 g of fruit was used with or without the ascorbic acid.
 A positive selection system using phosphomannose isomerase was employed for Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. 'Achát'). It was shown that the mannose-based selection system works very well with the lettuce genotype used, reaching up to 25 % transformation efficiency on the medium with 20 g/L mannose and 20 g/L sucrose. The best transformation efficacy with the commonly-used kanamycin at 100 mg/L as a selection agent was 21 %. Southern blot analyses of thirteen chosen mannose-resistant regenerants revealed that some of them have clonal origin, about one-half harbour a single T-DNA copy and one plant contains an incomplete T-DNA segment with only the left part of T-DNA with the pmi gene present in the genomic DNA. The following Northern analysis showed transcriptional activity of the introduced pmi gene in all plants analysed with very high differences in the level of pmi specific mRNA. The results demonstrate that both mannose and kanamycin provide comparable transformation efficiencies in our lettuce genotype. An alternative selection method with mannose as a selection agent is now; available for lettuce transgenosis.
Background: Glycemic load (GL) is used to evaluate how various food products affect blood sugar level. According to some studies, high dietary GL may increase the risk of cancer development and recurrence. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess dietary glycemic load and intake of carbohydrates derived from various food products by patients staying on an oncological ward. Material and methods: The study group included 100 cancer patients aged 19-83 years (59.6 ± 11.3 years). GL, energy and nutrient intake was estimated based on the data from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The correlations between dietary GL and consumption of 18 groups of products were assessed. Results: The average GL per 1000 kcal was 61.0 ± 8.6 g in the diets of men and 56.2 ± 9.5 g in the diets of women. High GL (>120 g) was observed in 76% of analyzed diets. The diets of men had higher GL, energy and sucrose content than the diets of women. Men, in comparison to women, consumed more refined grain products (144.1 ± 78.2 g vs. 95.5 ± 67.8 g), beverages (236.4 ± 344.7 g vs. 69.2 ± 173.0 g), honey and sugar (28.0 ± 22.2 g vs. 16.7 ± 18.0 g), dark chocolate (4.5 ± 4.5 g vs. 3.9 ± 6.7 g), sweets (66.1 ± 56.6 g vs. 38.8 ± 39.5 g) and soups (313.3 ± 105.3 g vs. 260.8 ± 160.3 g). Conclusions: Analyzed diets were characterized by high GL and simple sugars content. Men consumed more refined and sweetened products than women. The improvement of knowledge about proper nutrition is needed in studied group of cancer patients.
The aim of the work presented was to determine the chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation in Clematis pitcheri shoots cultured in vitro at different temperatures on the medium with various sucrose and nitrogen level. Two concentrations of sucrose: 10 g-l-1 and 30 gT1, and two levels of nitrogen compounds: 100% and 50% of standard MS strength, were used. Shoots were cultured at 15°C, 20°C and 25°C. It was found that plantlets of C. pitcheri grown at 20°C contained the highest and at 15°C the lowest content of chlorophyll. The sucrose concentration in the medium had no or only a slight effect. Lower level of nitrogen compounds (50% N) stimulated accumulation of chlorophyll in shoots as compared to a normal strength (100% N), with the highest differences at 15°C. High sucrose (30 g-l-1) and nitrogen (100% N) concentrations and low temperature (15°C) significantly promoted anthocyanins accumulation. Reduction of nitrogen compounds level in the medium to 50% and lowering sucrose concentration to 10 gT1 leads to decrease of anthocyanins accumulation in the shoots cultured at 15°C and 20°C. In the case of explants cultured at 25°C, the sucrose and nitrogen concentration in the medium had no or only a slight effect on accumulation of anthocyanins in the shoots.
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