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The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of agri-environment schemes in the years 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 by farmers south-eastern Poland. In this region are more implemented these packages sciences, which are less onerous. Most of the agri- -environmental programs implemented by farmers, puts great emphasis on the conservation and preservation of the rural landscape. Agri-environmental program increased environmental awareness among farmers who implement it and helps to inhibit the development of intensive agriculture. Simplification of the documentation related to the agri-environmental program, may affect the increase in the number of new farmers willing to implement these programs. In south-eastern region of Poland, the natural packages are realized more willingly, and receiving payments is the main incentive that convinces farmers to join agri- -environment program. Implementing the agri-environmental program on farms in this region of Poland contributed both to improvement of water quality, reduction of soil erosion on a farm, and on the other hand to reduction of the livestock population. Increased employment of agri-environment advisor, especially botanists and ornithologists, would facilitate farmer participation in environmental programs.
The development of a country's agriculture is basically determined by the agricultural investments and projects. In setting up new businesses and creating new capacities the young generation plays a significant role. If the spirit of enterprise combines with good competence and a sufficient amount of capital they will establish modern farms and run these farms competitively in long term too. In Hungary there is a preferential treatment of the problems of beginner farmers since 1998. The subsidy for young farmers is a EU conform subvenction form, so it can be an important part of the Hungarian subsidy system in long term. After some hesitation the effort of the government to win the young, more innovative generetion over to farming is beginning to be an significant part of the device system that stimulates the establishment of competitive agricultural holdings. The above statement is backed up with the analyses we accomplished among the winner competitors showed in our presentation.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this article is to review the current mechanisms of supporting the purchase of electric cars, with particular emphasis on tax reliefs and exemptions. Materials and methods: The research method consists of a review of literature, legal regulations and industry reports regarding the presented subject. Results: The authors analyzed the global electric car market, presenting the examples of the countries in which the share of electric vehicles has recently increased significantly in the total number of cars. In addition, current discounts and other preferences for the purchase of electric cars in European countries are presented together with future potential mechanism for buyers of electric in Poland. Conclusions: The price is the main economic determinate for buying the particular type of a car. The costs of acquiring and operating an electric car are currently higher than the costs for traditional combustion vehicles. However, the EU and European states’ authorities are processing to increase the popularity of electric cars, offering tax reliefs and other preferences with noticeably effects.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this research was to determine changes in the population of native animal breeds and to indicate the importance of subsidies under agri-environmental programs. The study concerned the years 1999-2017. Materials and methods: The research was based on the documentation of the National Research Institute of Animal Production (PIB). An assessment of the population size of native animal breeds was carried out depending on the amount of subsidies from the national subsidy up to 2004 and from agri-environmental programs since 2005. Results: Since the integration of Poland with the European Union and the mobilization of funds from agri-environmental programs, a successive increase in the number of farm animals covered by the protection program has been noted. Conclusions: This investigation demonstrated a considerable, but not exclusive dependence of the dynamics of the growth of the livestock population covered by the protection program on the amount of subsidies for breeders. The preservation of EU subsidies through agri-environmental programs in the years to come is the basis for maintaining the upward trend in the abundance of native livestock populations. Also, a greater increase in the number of animals than in the number of new beneficiaries using agri-environmental programs was observed, and this is a situation conducive to breeding work. National surveys show that native breeds are a source of obtaining products with pro-health, regional and traditional properties, for which the demand is growing, and which can also help to protect the biodiversity of farm animals.
The authors in the article presented information on the possibility of separating rainwater from municipal sewage and the possibilities of its re-use. They based their considerations on the experience of municipalities in the European Union (EU), the Dutch one in particular. The choice of the Dutch municipality of Apeldoorn was not coincidental. Apeldoorn has the highest rainfall level in all of the Netherlands. What is more, The Netherlands is one of those European countries that is highly advanced in water management. This is due to the fact that it is a small country with a very dense population, which must deal with the distribution of water resources for very populated municipalities. Moreover, 50% of this country is situated below the sea level, which causes problems with excess water in coastal provinces. The Dutch are therefore trying to manage water using all technical and legal possibilities. This article presents some solutions related to the separation of rainwater from municipal sewage and the financial possibilities offered by the municipality of Apeldoorn. The authors also shortly presented history of the use of rainwater, including Polish experiences. The authors applied research methods based on examination of documents in the municipality of Apeldoorn and interviewed municipal employees responsible for the project of separation rainwater from sewage.
In Poland, as early as in the pre-accession period to the European Union, the activities aiming at the creation of conditions for implementation of the principles of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which assumed supporting of agricultural production with direct payments and match-funding, had already been undertaken. In order to realize that task, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA) was formed. In the years 2004–2013 it gave agriculture 94,9 billion PLN, within the frames of subsidies and its benefi ciaries were farmers. A considerable increase in the development of agricultural production support, from less than 9% in pre-accession period to about 60%, in the years 2009–2010, did become a fact. Those financial means were mainly destined for creating production potential and structural alterations in agriculture. To determine the influence of CAP on Polish agriculture, the following parameters were subjected to analysis: factors of production and their structure, as well as productivity of agricultural production factors and food self-sufficiency. Signifi cant changes, resulting in the increased agricultural productivity and factors of production, were recorded for all the analyzed fields. Also the production of majority of agricultural products per 1 inhabitant has increased, which contributes to food self-sufficiency of Poland.
I have made examinations for the period of 1989-2005 in order to give an overall evaluation on the profitability questions of agriculture in the European Union. It was a priority during the research to evaluate the situation of the Hungarian farms. It was explored that the average profitability of farms increased dynamically in the 12/15 EU countries during the examined period. It Was proved that the engine of growth was the farm concentration implemented in the meantime, and the economically adequate technical development, which could gain ground. The research reported about significant differences concerning the average productivity and profitability of economies of former member countries and new members integrated in 2004. The outcomes of the Hungarian farms according to farm type and size, are basically rather poor, compared both to EU-25 and countries with similar agricultural qualities. Considering the results, the role of subsidies in income should be stressed in case of new and former member countries. It is undoubted, however, that in case of new ones, the subsidy-dependence is greater.
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