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The article discusses the issue of negotiations. Its author presents definitions and basic conditions governing the course of negotiations, and characterizes the strategy applied in the agreement reaching process. Additionally, the article depicts key rules of negotiations based on the essence and the course of the very process of negotiations. The author underlines the importance of the development of a negotiation strategy, which should account for an alternative taken into consideration in the absence of agreement and pays attention to the most essential factors, which help to reach the negotiations’ objective.
The phrase ‘rural areas’ mean not only the place for agricultural production and the living place of rural population, but also refer to all the traditions, landscape, environment and residents of these areas. Rural development is highly supported at the EU level and it helps to enhance the quality of life of rural residents and the economic performance of rural areas. According to some points of view, the excessive support should be cut down, but the primary objectives of the CAP should be maintained. The threats of the economic crisis appear more significantly in rural areas. What are the possible ways to increase the economic situation of these areas, where poverty is high, education level is low and the population is aging? Working facilities are mostly connected with agriculture, but the financial background and competitiveness of agricultural enterprises is rather low. The environment and landscape should be preserved. How can all these problems be solved at the same time? How can the environment be preserved in line with the development of the rural areas? The renewed CAP was outlined in November 2010. This paper tries to examine the visions of rural areas for the future.
Objective: There is increasing evidence that the transplanted bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) significantly promote functional recovery after central nervous system damage in the animal models of various kinds of CNS disorders, including cerebral infarct. However, there are several shortages of information when considering clinical application of BMSC transplantation for patients with neurological disorders. In this meeting, therefore, we discuss what we should clarify to establish cell transplantation therapy in clinical situation and describe our recent works for this purpose. Methods and Results: The BMSC have multiple abilities to differentiate into the neural cells and to promote neuronal survival and axon elongation, contributing to rebuild the neural circuits in the injured CNS. Using optical imaging and MRI techniques, the transplanted BMSC can non-invasively be tracked in the living animals for at least 8 weeks after transplantation. Clinical MR apparatus can visualize the tagged BMSC in the brain. FDG PET is quite valuable to monitor the recovery of brain metabolism after transplantation. The BMSC can be expanded using the animal protein-free culture medium within a clinically relevant period. G-CSF is useful to enhance their proliferation when the BMSC are obtained from the aged patients. There are optimal dose and timing of BMSC transplantation to yield significant therapeutic benefits. Conclusion: It is urgent issues to develop clinical imaging technique to track the transplanted cells in the CNS and evaluate the therapeutic significance of BMSC transplantation to establish it as a definite therapeutic strategy in clinical situation in very near future.
Aim of Study. To determine whether and to what extent selfefficacy, perceived fitness competence and perceived behavioral control are related to leisure time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adults. Material and Methods. The study involved 532 adults (including 379 women) aged 18 to 26 years. Physical activity (PA) was measured by means of a short self-report questionnaire, being a modified version of the very popular Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTQ). Each level of PA was described in a manner which enabled defining it by the participants with examples of activities representative for a given category, with 9 MET criteria for vigorous activity and 5 MET criteria for moderate intensity. Perceived physical competencies were measured by a relevant subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Results. On average, respondents undertook 2.5 hours of MVPA. Males were more active than females, and younger persons more active than older persons. For the whole sample, self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control were the two significant predictors of MVPA. However, in the case of the latter the effect size was small. In self-efficacy a nearly linear increase from sedentary to the most active group was observed. Relationships between perceived competencies, self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control and physical activity were age dependent. The comparison between younger and older adults revealed that in the younger age group all three control variables were related to physical activity, while in the older group only self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control were signifiant; however, in both cases the effect sizes were weak. Conclusions. The most promising interventions to increase PA are teaching strategies to cope with barriers of physical activity and convincing people that regardless of their levels their physical fitness and motor abilities enable them to be physically active. However, while it seems true for young adults, the factors determining the physical activity of older adults and reinforcement strategies look different.
The use of integrated marketing communication in practice has several advantages. The most important advantage is that such a way of communication is chosen that will strike the target group for which the information is intended the most efficiently and that will at the same time save costs. Integrated marketing communication is also a tool of competitiveness. Properly chosen marketing communication can help even in the woodworking industry. The aim of this paper will therefore be to highlight the benefits and effectiveness of such communication.
The paper presents the strategic implementation process of West Pomeranian Province development on the basis of an operational program. In the first part of the paper, the author describes the legal and organisational foundations of Polish regional policy during the transition period and the implementation action sequences of development strategies. A program for entrepreneurship and innovation support in the West Pomeranian Province was selected as the implementation measure to be analysed. Its goals, assumptions and selected instruments of implementation have been described. The paper ends with diagnostic and prognostic conclusions about self-governmental regional development.
Marketing finds its place not only among various areas of economic life but also in everyday life of people After 1992 marketing has been treated as a part of regional sustainable development philosophy as decided by 116 countries present at the Summit of the Earth in Rio de Janeiro. The article pays special attention to possibilities of structural funds utilisation according to the needs of regional development and defines the role of regional marketing.
The purpose of this paper is to identify processes and practices of talent management and their implementation in Slovak context. Based on the theoretical knowledge base and current research questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain primary data. The survey examines the array of talent management processes and practices in Slovak organizations. The paper presents partial results of the survey concerning the embeddedness and implementation of talent management, more precisely, declaration of talent management strategy and synchronization of talent management strategy with the overall company strategy. When analysing the data gathered there were used descriptive and inferential statistical methods, specific correlation analysis, ANOVA and Student's t-test.
To be successful strategic thinking from SMEs is required, they have to give appropriate answers to the changes that fit and serve the sustainable economy. It is characteristic that SMEs concentrate mainly on surviving and on daily stability, yet – despite of the frequently mentioned idea – they realize the necessity of renewal, and they are fond of innovation. The question arose: what kind of business model do we need. Future means that the reappraisal of the values based on trust, reallocation of resources, social relationships, restructuring factors of production, localization, reuse and recycling must be implemented in business strategies, showing the direction of innovation. It is important to define the role and place of the SMEs in innovation process in the context of de-growth, like innovation – imitation. Synthesis – open innovation, observation and adaptation of best practices, cooperation based on trust, participation in strategic partnerships. In the study messages of sustainable economy and ‘degrowth’ is summarized. Answers are being looked for the question: what kind of behavior and strategies are appropriate for the SMEs for successful renewal.
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