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In the paper, results of the analysis of the specialization level depending on the production orientation and economic size of farms of the Polish FADN have been presented Specialization was measured using the concentration index of sales structure. The analysis shows that types of farming delimitated in the FADN system as specialist have on average a higher specialization level. However, there are noticeable differences between specific farm types. Farms delimitated as specialist granivores, specialist horticulture and specialist permanent crops have a strongly concentrated sales structure, whilst specialist field crops and specialist grazing livestock farms are closer to mixed farms. Some irregularities in the farm specialisation level in relation to the economic size of farms have also been identified. Shortcomings of grouping the FADN farms based on SGM may cause a false recognition of farms as mixed or specialized.
There is a significant complexity of movements and an ability to adapt to changing situations during a match, hence, a factor which decides about sports rank of a player is their motor fitness. The assessment of muscle power output and abilities of coordination in high-rank players can be one of the most essential model indicators either in the process of athlete selection or in the process of sports training. The research question is: How the measured indicators of a somatic body construction and motor fitness condition the sports level of volleyball players who specialize in different tactical functions? The paper demonstrates the test results of 12 volleyball players from MKS Muszynianka – a vice-champion of Poland in 2009. Basic features of a somatic body construction were measured; the indicators of muscle dynamic strength, visual perception and visual-motor coordination were tested. The comparative analysis of the applied somatic and fitness indicators in the study explains both the model of choice of tactical specializations in the game and sports hierarchy of volleyball players at championship level. Lengthwise predispositions of a body construction are prominent in the model; however, fitness skills (muscle dynamic strength and visual-motor coordination) may well compensate for insufficient somatic indicators.
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Since accession to the EU, Polish dairy production has experienced dynamic changes in all spheres of its performance. In this dynamic environment, farmers had to adjust their development strategies in order to survive on the competitive market. This paper describes farmers’ attitudes towards the future in a context of strategy formulation. Results of the present study suggest that most dairy farmers in Mazovian region continue development towards increased specialisation and production scale. The study indicates that labour and human capital features could hardly explain farmers’ strategy choices. However, what seems to play a role is farm and production characteristics. It was more the milk production scale and herd size rather than utilised land that decided the further path of development. Choice of strategy should be strongly facilitated also by investments undertaken on the farm. The investments have been financed mostly from external capital – bank loans and EU investment funds. Thus, access to credit seems to be another important determinant of farm development. It was however remarkable that farmers perceived the availability of these resources as quite easy, especially in case of EU funds. As the most significant barriers to further development, farmers indicated low availability of land and insufficient qualified labour.
Rural tourism, agritourism in particular, has been seen as an important and real way to improve economic and social situation of rural areas. Tourism services provide non-agricultural jobs and income brought to those areas by the urban dwellers. Growing number of agritourism farms, especially in the south-eastern part of Poland, increases needs for competitive advantages, to attract potential tourists specialized offer can consist such an adventage.
The increasing size and specialization of hog operations reflect structural change in U.S. swine production during the past 15 years. The number of farms with hogs has declined by over 70 percent, as hog enterprises have grown larger. Operations producing under contract are larger than independent operations and are more likely to specialize in a single phase of production. These structural changes have coincided with substantial gains in efficiency for hog farms and lower production costs. Most of these productivity gains are attributable to increases in the scale of production and technological innovation. Productivity gains contributed to reduction in the price of hogs at the farm gate and also in the consumer price.
The survey recognized progressive farms and the possibilities of its utilization the production potential of additional and alternative income sources to gain with particular regard to agribusiness sector. The survey conducted by advisory service staff of agricultural advisory centers, included 378 progressive farms in northern Poland area. The survey showed that the average farm acreage was 70.5 ha, ranging from 3 to 1200 ha. 65.5% of progressive farm owners estimated their soil quality as the average, on 67.5% progressive farms the labor force resources were on adequate level. Every second progressive farm was sufficiently equipped with soil tillage tools (63.5%), mechanical traction power (60.9%) and the machinery (56.1%). Only on 52.7% progressive farms the livestock buildings and on 49.8% farms the storehouses were sufficient. Animal production was the main production direction on 54.8% farms. It was stated that 70.1 progressive farms achieved more than 90% income mainly from agriculture. The progressive farms used their production potential on average in 75.7% (from 7 to 100%). Financial situation of 60.9% farm owner families was estimated as an average. Thus there is a strong need of full using farm production potential in the way of increasing production efficiency and achieving additional/alternative income sources.
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