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The genus Scopulariopsis contains over 30 species of mitosporic moulds, which although usually saprophytic may also act as opportunistic pathogens in humans. They have mainly been associated with onychomycosis, and only sporadically reported as a cause of deep tissue infections or systemic disease. Identification of Scopulariopsis species still largely relies on phenotype-based methods. There is a need for a molecular diagnostic approach, that would allow to reliably discriminate between different Scopulariopsis species. The aim of this study was to apply sequence analysis of partial 28S rRNA gene for species identification of Scopulariopsis clinical isolates. Although the method employed did reveal some genetic polymorphism among Scopulariopsis isolates tested, it was not enough for species delineation. For this to be achieved, other genetic loci, within and beyond the rDNA operon, need to be investigated.
The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the incidence of Salmonella spp. by conventional culture methods in cream cakes, (ii) to detect invA gene by PCR for the confirmation of the isolates, (iii) to analyze isolates for S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi, and S. Typhimurium by PCR based on Sdf I, ViaB, Spy gene sequences, respectively, and (iv) to identify isolates in comparison to the reference strain by DNA sequence analysis. A total of 81 unpackaged cream cake samples were obtained from different patisseries in Hatay, Turkey. Salmonella spp. was detected in 13 (16%) out of 81 cream cake samples by the conventional culture method. Atotal of 45 isolates from the 13 positive samples were confirmed as Salmonella spp. by PCR. Homology among the reference strain and isolates and homology within the isolates was found to be 98.97-100%. Cream cake samples analyzed in this study were found to be contaminated with Salmonella, thus posing a potential health hazard for the consumer. To protect public health, food safety management systems such as HACCP, GMP and GHP could be carried out in cream cake production.
PCR-RFLP and nucleotide sequencing based genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Indian isolates (Izatnagar and Chennai isolates and Chennai clone) vis-a vis RH-IVRI strain was conducted by targeting GRA6 as genetic marker. The 791 bp GRA6 product was PCR amplified from the genomic DNA of different T. gondii Indian isolates, including the RH-IVRI strain. Tru1I restriction endonuclease based PCR-RFLP of GRA6 sequence produced polymorphic digestion pattern that discriminated the virulent RH-IVRI strain (as type I) from the moderately virulent local isolates as type III. The PCR amplicon of T. gondii GRA6 from RH-IVRI strain as well as from the local isolates were cloned in cloning vector and custom sequenced. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of T. gondii isolates were aligned with that of the type I, II and III strains (RH, BEVERLEY, ME49, C56, TONT and NED) available in public domain and analyzed in silico using MEGA version 4.0 software. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of GRA6 marker from the Indian isolates revealed a close genetic relationship with type III strains of T. gondii. Further, detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at positions 162 and 171 of the GRA6 marker, established the lineage of Indian isolates as type III. This is the first report on characterization of T. gondii lineage as type III in selective chicken population of India based on PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of GRA6 gene.
Classification and identification of muscle-parasitizing didymozoids found in marine fish is difficult because of their novel parasitism and morphology. Recent sequence analysis has helped, but only seven sequences are available. Therefore, the usefulness of molecular methods for differentiation of muscle-parasitizing didymozoids, as well as genetic differences between the muscle and the other site-parasitizing didymozoids are quite unclear. In the present study, six unidentified didymozoid isolates from the trunk muscles of four marine fish species (Diagramma pictum, Plectorhinchus cinctus, Pagrus major and Cypselurus heterurus) were examined genetically using sequence analysis (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS-2 and coxI). All isolates were placed phylogenetically as a lineage independent of other site-parasitizing didymozoids at 18S rDNA, ITS-2 and coxI. They were grouped into three distinct lineages. The present and the previous unidentified or identified didymozoids from trunk muscles were found to differ clearly for every host species by sequence analysis, suggesting that muscle-parasitizing didymozoids are host-specific. This report is the first describing the molecular characteristics of muscle-parasitizing didymozoids by sequence analysis targeting the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA loci, which is proposed as a superior method for didymozoid differentiation.
A conservative and apparently harmless AI76V mutation in intracellular S. cerevisiae L-asparaginase (ScerAI) completely abolishes the enzyme activity. Sequence and structural comparisons with type II bacterial L-asparaginases show that the mutated residue is in a very conservative region and plays a vital role in the cohesion of functional tetramers of these enzymes through participation in side-chain...main-chain (Ser) Oy...O (Ala) hydrogen bonds across the tetramer interface. The fact that bacterial L-asparaginases of type I show less conservation in this region suggests that they may have different quaternary structure while adopting the subunit fold and intimate dimer architecture of type II enzymes. A comparison of all available sequences of microbial L- asparaginases confirms that separate intra- and extra-cellular enzymes evolved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes independently. However, an analysis of the available complete genome sequences reveals a surprising fact that Haemophi­lus influenzae possesses only a type II asparaginase while the archaebacterium Methanococcus jannaschii has a type I gene, but not a type II.
Conformation polymorphism (SSCP) in exons 1-3 of myogenin gene was analysed in two groups of fatteners, both out of crossbred sows (Polish Large White × Polish Landrace) sired by Duroc (group I) or Duroc × Pietrain (group II) boars. The total DNA was isolated from a whole blood using phenol/chloroform extraction. Amplifications of exons was carried out using PCR method and primers designed by computer software “Primer 3” (www.genome.wi.mit.edu).Exon 1 showed low polymorphism with two SSCP patterns: A (two bands) in 98% of group I and 94% of group I, and E (three bands) in 2% of group I and 6% of group II fatteners. Exon 2 in all fatteners was found monomorphic. Exon 3 showed high polymorphism with four SSCP patterns:A, B, C and D (one to three bands). Most frequently observed was pattern A (88% in group I and 82% in group II), while the remaining patterns occurred in 2-10% of fatteners. Sequence analysis of conformation patterns did not show any mutation sites.
The objective of this study was to investigate the ascarid infection in Asiatic lions using scat samples, based on microscopic analysis, PCR amplification of the ITS-2 region of ribosomal DNA and sequence analysis of the amplicons. Microscopic analysis indicated the presence of eggs of Toxascaris leonina in eleven of the sixteen scat samples analysed and in one of these eleven scats eggs of Toxocara cati were also detected. In five of the scats eggs were not detectable. The presence of T. leonina in all the infected samples was also confirmed by PCR amplification of the ITS-2 of ribosomal RNA gene and five of these also showed amplicons corresponding to T. cati, respectively. Toxocara canis infection was not observed in any of the scat samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS-2 region indicated 97% to 99% similarity with T. leonina and T. cati, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of ascarid infection in captive Asiatic lions from a zoological garden of India. This study also indicates that Asiatic lions are more prone to infection either with T. leonina or T. cati and the parasite is not host specific.
Morphological and molecular diversity among 11 populations of cereal cyst nematodes from different wheat production areas in Morocco was investigated using light microscopy, species-specific primers, complemented by the ITS-rDNA sequences. Morphometrics of cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were generally within the expected ranges for Heterodera avenae; only the isolate from Aïn Jmaa showed morphometrics conforming to those of H. latipons. When using species-specific primers for H. avenae and H. latipons, the specific bands of 109 bp and 204 bp, respectively, confirmed the morphological identification. In addition, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were sequenced to study the diversity of the 11 populations. These sequences were compared with those of Heterodera species available in the GenBank database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and confirmed again the identity of the species. Ten sequences of the ITS-rDNA were similar (99–100%) to the sequences of H. avenae published in GenBank and three sequences, corresponding with one population, were similar (97–99%) to H. latipons.
Badano zmiany frakcji żelaza i manganu w kompostach samego osadu ściekowego oraz z dodatkiem odpadu przemysłu tytoniowego. Udział metali w poszczególnych frakcjach operacyjnych różnił się w zależności od rodzaju kompostu i czasu inkubacji.
The suitability of DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR methods for detection of 15 cucum¬ber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates found in Poland was compared. The effectiveness of DAS-ELISA depended on polyclonal antibodies (PAb) used in the assay. Antibodies Wic and DTL detected all tested isolates, whereas antibodies M could not detect iso¬late P26, antibodies ToRS did not react with isolate Porz, and isolate Simp2 was not detected by antibodies Cas. The RT-PCR technique allowed detection of all virus isolates. Three nucleic acid extraction methods: immunocapture (IC), silicacapture (SC) and isolation of the total RNA with the commercial kit (RN), proved to be effec-tive. These three nucleic acid extraction methods all allowed CMV amplification by RT-PCR. Three methods were used to identify and group the CMV isolates: 1) ELISA with group-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 2) phylogenetic analy¬sis of coat protein gene sequence and 3) restriction analysis of PCR-amplified RNA2 and RNA3 fragments digested with EcoRI, HpaII and MluI enzymes. MAbs used in ELISA allowed the preliminary classification of isolates to group I or II, but they failed to recognize one isolate (P26). CMV grouping based on CP sequence analysis enabled us to identify all of the tested isolates and discriminate between the two groups of CMV - IA and II. Classification based on RT-PCR-RFLP analysis corre¬lated with phylogenetic grouping based on sequencing.
 A lipase gene SR1 encoding an extracellular lipase was isolated from oil-contaminated soil and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene contained a 1845-bp reading frame and encoded a 615-amino-acid lipase protein. The mature part of the lipase was expressed with an N-terminal histidine tag in E. coli BL21, purified and characterized biochemically. The results showed that the purified lipase combines the properties of Pseudomonas chlororaphis and other Serratia lipases characterized so far. Its optimum pH and temperature for hydrolysis activity was pH 5.5-8.0 and 37ºC respectively. The enzyme showed high preference for short chain substrates (556.3 ± 2.8 U/μg for C10 fatty acid oil) and surprisingly it also displayed high activity for long-chain fatty acid. The deduced lipase SR1 protein is probably from Serratia, and is organized as a prepro-protein and belongs to the GXSXG lipase family.
In order to determine the genetic variability of Polish RHD virus strains and to confirm the presence of genetic variant (RHDVa) subtype the partial nucleotide sequences of capsid protein gene, including two highly variable regions C and E, were examined. Phylogenetic analyses of 15 viral strains obtained over 18 years revealed the presence of three genetic groups. The oldest RHDV strains exhibit very close amino acid sequence similarity (98-99%) to the German FRG89 reference strain and most of European strains of the same period, as well as Chinese isolate from 1984. The HA-negative strains and isolates with variable reactivity in the HA test belong to the second subgroup and exhibit an intermediate level of variability (about 3%) in the analysed VP60 gene fragment. The most genetically variable strains (6-7%) clustered to RHDVa subtype. The analysis of nucleotides and amino acid sequences demonstrated three pairs of well conserved RHDV strains, isolated over 3, 6 and 10-year period.
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