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The response of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.), as non-target plant, to various doses of glyphosate applied to root zone was studied in the experiment. The glyphosate was used at concentrations 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 mM, and the study was conducted on seedlings grown in hydroponic cultures in controlled light and temperature conditions. In the experiment, roots of seedlings were exposed to glyphosate for 4, 7 or 14 days. In order to evaluate the effect of glyphosate, length and biomass of the seedling organs, as well as contents of anthocyanins in hypocotyls and cotyledons have been measured. Glyphosate applied to root zone had considerably higher impact on the growth of the primary root than shoot of radish seedlings. Short-term exposure to glyphosate led to the stimulation of growth and biomass organs of the radish seedling, but such treatment had no effect on the contents of anthocyanins in the cotyledons and hypocotyl. However, after longer exposure to glyphosate a decrease of anthocyanins content in the hypocotyl and its increase in the cotyledons was noted.
The assessment of black cherry seedlings root system was carried out at the Didactic-Experimental Establishment of the UWM in Olsztyn in September 2002. The seeds from which the examined seedlings were obtained had been sown into the ground on 2 October 2001. The following seeds were used for the experiment: fresh, sown into the ground immediately after obtaining them from fruit, partly dried seeds and seed sown a month later than in the preceding case as well as physiologically immature seeds and whole fresh fruit. The root systems of seedlings obtained from seeds stored for 1 year and 2 years in open and closed “Twist” type jars at room temperature and in a freezer were also assessed. The largest proportions of seedlings were obtained from seeds stored for 1 year and 2 years in a freezer. The lowest proportions of seedlings were obtained from seeds sown a month later and from whole fresh fruit. In this experiment the most favorable development of the root system was observed in case of seedlings from seeds stored for 2 years in an open jar. The time from picking to sowing of seeds was of little importance. The seedlings from partly dried seeds and later sowing were characterized by the lowest mass of the root system.
A protein kinase of 57 kDa, able to phosphorylate tyrosine in synthetic substrates pol(Glu4,Tyr1) and a fragment of Src tyrosine kinase, was isolated and partly puri­fied from maize seedlings (Zea mays). The protein kinase was able to phosphorylate exogenous proteins: enolase, caseins, histones and myelin basic protein. Amino acid analysis of phosphorylated casein and enolase, as well as of phosphorylated endoge­nous proteins, showed that both Tyr and Ser residues were phosphorylated. Phosphotyrosine was also immunodetected in the 57 kDa protein fraction. In the protein fraction there are present 57 kDa protein kinase and enolase. This co-purifi­cation suggests that enolase can be an endogenous substrate of the kinase. The two proteins could be resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Specific inhibitors of typical protein-tyrosine kinases had essentially no effect on the activity of the maize enzyme. Staurosporine, a nonspecific inhibitor of protein kinases, effectively inhib­ited the 57 kDa protein kinase. Also, poly L-lysine and heparin inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation by 57 kDa maize protein kinase. The substrate and inhibitor specificities of the 57 kDa maize protein kinase phosphorylating tyrosine indicate that it is a novel plant dual-specificity protein kinase.
Two isoforms of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), cytoplasmic (GSi) and chloroplastic (GSi) were isolated from shoots of 14-day-old Triticale seedlings, and purified 260-fold and 248-fold, respectively. Specific activities of the two preparations were 35.1 and 33.5 nmol x min-1 per mg of protein, respectively. Both crude extracts and homogeneous GSi and GS2 preparations required divalent metal ions (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+) for their activities. Mg2+ was the most effective activator, the highest activity of GSi being reached at 5 mM, and that of GS2 at 20 mM MgCl2- The optimum pH for the two isoforms showed large differences, dependent also on the kind of divalent ion. Molecular masses of GSi and GS2 were 305000 Da and 385200 Da, respectively. It seems that native protein of GSi is built from eight identical subunits of Mm 38000 Da and that of GS2 of the same number of subunits but of Mm of about 48000 Da. Proteins of GS isoforms differed significantly in their amino-acid composition.
At the stage of the first or second leaf christmas rose seedlings were pricked to pots or to multiple pots, the roots being rolled or nipped off during the operation. The quality of young plants was estimated by determining the fresh weight, number, and length of leaves and roots. The best quality of young plants was obtained from christmas rose seedlings pricked at the stage of the second leaf and with roots rolled when planted to pots.
The wild boar is an omnivorous animal, and by foraging (rooting) disturbs the top soil layer. In some regions of Poland and Europe seasonal fluctuations in rooting have been observed. Wild boars not only eat plants, but also strongly modify their habitat. In Białowieża National Park wild boar most frequently visit oak-hornbeam forests on fertile soil. On sites where the forest floor is covered with dense vegetation the germination of seeds is difficult, and wild boar rooting can promote the removal of diaspores from deeper layers of the soil seed bank. Within a 3-year observation on 30 subplots about 10,000 seedlings emerged representing 38 species. Our study revealed that rooted patches are characterised by a very rich and diverse flora of seedlings representing mostly forest species, but their density is low. The dominant species germinating in the disturbed ground vegetation is Urtica dioica, a species forming the persistent soil seed bank. There is a possibility that seedlings of herbaceous plants emerging on permanently rooted patches are of exogenous origin, since the seeds germinating there were in many cases damaged by repeatedly rooting animals and had no chance for further growth and reaching the generative phase. However, the soil seed bank in the rooted area has to be analysed to confirm this theory, that they have exogenous or endogenous origin. Seedling density in a repeatedly rooted oak-hornbeam forest is determined by factors other than those related to rooting. In this context the present study did not demonstrate a negative impact of rooting intensity on seedling emergence.
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