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SOZO database and its cartographic model – a sozological map is a thematic data source that represents the state of natural environment, as well as the causes and effects of both positive and negative transformations occurring in the environment. There is no doubt that the SOZO database should be a tool to investigate and evaluate the state of natural environment in a quantitative manner. However, the analysis of chosen features in the database reveals that they seem to be insufficient for conducting spatial analysis. The crucial problem is related to classes of forest damage represented by point features in a database without the extent of forest degradation. This type of presentation has limited use for geospatial analysis of environment therefore the Authors propose to use remotely sensed data to enhance SOZO database with updated data together with the spatial occurrence of the studied phenomenon. This research presents the potentials of determining class of forest damage based on the vegetation indices (NDVI and NDII) that successfully replaces the point-feature class of forest damage with polygon-based classes, thereby introducing the new quality of the data into the environmental database and make SOZO database a useful product in spatial analysis.
W pracy zamieszczono analizy przestrzenne związane z postępującym zarastaniem położonej w Małopolsce Pustyni Błędowskiej, w wyniku wprowadzenia tam przed 50 laty roślin wydmowych oraz przeprowadzanego zalesienia. Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie ortofotomap satelitarnych z lat 1968 i 2006 oraz unikalnej fotomapy wykonanej na podstawie zdjęć lotniczych z roku 1926. Na materiałach tych wyraźnie zauważalne są zmiany obszarów zalesionych oraz porośniętych inną roślinnością. Obszar pustyni w całości położony jest na terenie Parku Krajobrazowego Orlich Gniazd, który przed trzema latami został objęty europejskim programem ramowym sieci obszarów ochrony krajobrazu NATURA 2000 – Kod Obszaru-PLH-120014. Pustynia Błędowska została zakwalifikowana jako obszar spełniający kryteria obszarów o znaczeniu wspólnotowym. Obecnie największym zagrożeniem dla obszaru Pustyni Błędowskiej jest naturalna sukcesja lasów otaczających pustynię (samosiejki) oraz sztuczne zalesienia. Aktualnie opracowuje się projekty celem podjęcia prac renaturalizacyjnych zarośniętych terenów pustyni.
The objective of the paper is to document and examine the major upwelling event that occurred along the northern coast of Estonia in August 2006. With a horizontal extension of 360 km, the event was caused by persistent easterlies and was noticed by a large number of holidaymakers, as it reduced the temperature of the coastal sea to a chilly 5–10◦C for about a month. In situ measurements from an RDCP current profiler revealed an along-wind coastal jet of up to 60 cm s−1 and a weak near-bottom countercurrent. The depths of the pycnocline and nutricline rose. The maximum drop in water temperature was 16◦C, that of salinity was 3.6 PSU. Analysis of satellite images confirmed the large extension and the prominence of the event.
In this study we present calibration/validation activities associated with satellite MERIS image processing and aimed at estimating chl a and CDOM in the Curonian Lagoon. Field data were used to validate the performances of two atmospheric correction algorithms, to build a band-ratio algorithm for chl a and to validate MERIS-derived maps. The neural network-based Case 2 Regional processor was found suitable for mapping CDOM; for chl a the band-ratio algorithm applied to image data corrected with the 6S code was found more appropriate. Maps were in agreement with in situ measurements. This study confirmed the importance of atmospheric correction to estimate water quality and demonstrated the usefulness of MERIS in investigating eutrophic aquatic ecosystems.
A project was developed concerning the operational system of surveillance and the recording of episodic events in the Baltic Sea. In situ information was to be combined with multi-sensory satellite imagery to determine the extent of algal blooms, to track their evolution and that of rapid environmental events like hydrological fronts. The main element of the system was an autonomous Ferry Box module on a ferry operating between Gdynia and Karlskrona, automatically measuring temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a fluorescence. At pre-selected locations, discrete water samples were collected, which were subsequently analysed for their phytoplankton content, and algal hepato- and neurotoxins; they were also used in toxicity tests with Artemia franciscana.
According to the results of many studies construction of dams, their decommissioning, and sediment flushing from the reservoir have been associated with vegetation dynamics. However, factors governing the spatial changes of forestation in the floodplain below the dams have not been explored extensively. This study examined the interacting effects of dam, inflow and land-use patterns of catchment areas and other factors on downstream vegetation patterns along the downstream reaches of Southern African Rivers. A total of 105 segments of 15 rivers (16 dams) located in seven Southern African countries were studied. Areas of herbaceous and forest vegetation of river channels below a dam and land-use catchment area patterns were obtained by the Google area calculator and aerial image analysis. Forest development was the highest just below the dams, and the ratio of forest cover decreased with distance from the dam toward the river mouth. Forest coverage ratio was found to decrease with an increase in dyke distance, number as well as of inflows (r = −0.66, P <0.01) and water coverage ratio, and bare land in the river flood plain. However, a principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the proportion of bare land in the catchment area, the dyke distance of the river and the number of inflows or tributaries are the factors most associated with forestation among the studied parameters. Forestation progressively decreased following the entrance of free following tributaries below dams, which appeared to reduce the effects produced by dams on vegetation forestation by causing local deviation. The impact of different land use types, such as agriculture on forestation, was insignificant though in some cases, land use areas cause the forest area reduction.
Land cover change in any ecosystem vary in space and time. The study analyzed spatialtemporal land cover change to predict forest degradation pressure points in Eastern Mau Forest Reserve. The study objectives were to determine types and amount of spatial-temporal land cover change; land cover change drivers and; forest resources use sustainability. The study used mixed sample survey design involving purposive sampling of spatial data and cluster sampling of forest resource use data. Primary data included ground control points, field validation data and forest resource use data. Secondary data included Landsat imagery, forest and administration boundaries and settlements data. Analysis was done for 1986-2014 period using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System. The analysis techniques used included object based image segmentation and classification, accuracy assessment and land cover change detection. Land cover types in Eastern Mau Forest consisted of indigenous forest, shrubland, grassland, plantation forest, cultivated fields, bare ground and built-up area. The analysis results depicted that cultivated fields coverage increased from 1% to 47%. Indigenous and plantation forests decreased from 43% to 36% and 34% to 7% respectively. Grassland and shrubland decreased from 16% to 8% and 6% to 2% respectively. Bare ground and built up area had a change of less than 1% each. Causes of pressure that lead to forest degradation included crop cultivation, settlement construction, livestock grazing, charcoal burning, firewood collection, logging, bee keeping and medicinal herbs extraction. Land cover change was more on the eastern side than on the western side. Indigenous and plantation forests were likely to disappear if cropland and built up area expansions were to remain unchecked. The study recommendations were: resettlement activities be eliminated in the Eastern Mau Forest; excision of forest land for crop cultivation should be discouraged; and scientific research should be carried out on sustainable plantation forest activities.
The suitability of selected satellite vegetation indices for estimating the condition of cereals in Poland was investigated. The indices presented here were derived from the data stored in INFOSAT database, which was created at the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography. INFOSAT contains data from processed satellite images acquired by NOAA AVHRR scanner. The methods applied in the database generation and in the calculation of vegetation indices were analysed in view of their applicability to the inference on crops condition over a large area. Presented results of statistical analysis indicate significant relations between the production of cereals and indices based on NDVI. The suitability of selected satellite vegetation indices for estimating the condition of cereals in Poland was investigated. The indices presented here were derived from the data stored in INFOSAT database, which was created at the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography. INFOSAT contains data from processed satellite images acquired by NOAA AVHRR scanner. The methods applied in the database generation and in the calculation of vegetation indices were analysed in view of their applicability to the inference on crops condition over a large area. Presented results of statistical analysis indicate significant relations between the production of cereals and indices based on NDVI.
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